Vaccines And Its Effects On Children - 1010 Words

Vaccines Debates have risen lately whether or not to vaccinate children. Although vaccines potentially cause negative side effects, they are a common procedure for most families each year. Over time, several case studies have developed highlighting these side effects and raised concern about whether or not to accept vaccines. However, many people are not familiar with the typical vaccine and what it actually does once inside the body. â€Å"A vaccine is consisted of killed or weakened versions of a disease-causing microorganism or an antigen that is similar to but less dangerous than the disease antigen† (Donatelle 415). Vaccines are given to an individual through an injection or orally. Some individuals prefer orally, because the fear of needles is common. But the main goal is to make sure it’s received. â€Å"The vaccine stimulates the individual’s immune system to produce antibodies against attacks that may occur in the future†(Donatelle 415). Once the vaccine hits the immune system, it is less likely for that person to receive the virus. Vaccines are a very productive way to not allow the virus to attack an individual. But, as a community we have not always had this option. The history of vaccines began centuries ago. But it did not start with the founding of the first vaccine. â€Å"Edward Jenner’s discovered the use of material from cowpox pustules to give an individual protection against smallpox â€Å" (â€Å"History of Vaccines†). This smallpox fathom provoked protection from many otherShow MoreRelatedVaccines And Its Effects On Children1404 Words   |  6 Pagesadverse reactions from the vaccines? Today, there are many vaccines, they are in such high demand that even a simple flu has a vaccine. Vaccines are created to protect us. The main function of vaccines it to build our immune system and fight against many bacterias. However, adverse reactions have become severe over the last couple of years, leaving some parents with no child. Therefore, parents shouldn’t be punished for not vacci nating their children because, vaccines can cause many adverse reactionsRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1503 Words   |  7 Pagesawful diseases, while that is the last thing on most of the world’s minds now. Vaccines have transformed human life. Parents should vaccinate their children because it saves lives, the vaccines are safe, and the risks of not vaccinating can harm children more than the vaccines themselves. Vaccines were created in 1796 by Edward Jenner, an English scientist. Edward Jenner formed the Royal Jennerian Institute when vaccines became more popular, but experienced some opposition towards it because of peopleRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1325 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines are essential to a person’s everyday life and well-being. A person who sneezed in their hand just touched the same door handle that everyone else does. Most people don’t worry that they touched the same item or breathe the same air as someone else because the risk of them contracting a disease such as polio, or diphtheria are extremely low because most people are vaccinated against such diseases. Without the creation of vaccines the population of the world could be completely eliminatedRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1339 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, there are many vaccines invented by different scientists. Vaccines are so much in demand that even a simple flu has a certain vaccine. They have been invented to protect us. Its main function is to build our immune system and allow it to work against different kinds of bacteria. However instead of helping us fight against infection and certain diseases, vaccines can be the main cause of infection a nd diseases. Because of its live-attenuated organism, which means the pathogens were partiallyRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1400 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines have changed the life of children with making some illnesses obsolete. The majority of parents are making sure that their children get vaccinated against potentially serious diseases. The parents that get their children vaccinated are trying to prevent the reoccurrence of these deadly illnesses. The problem arises when you have these children that have not been vaccinated around children not of age to get the vaccine for a particular disease. The older children get the disease and giveRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1463 Words   |  6 Pagesnot until 1796 when Edward Jenner revolutionized medical technology, with the first record of vaccines. Vaccines have diminished these diseases going from very common to little or none. Setting requirements on vaccines will not assist the reduction or eliminate them, but will also protect our youth from the wide-spread variety of deadly diseases. Multiple individuals do not truly understand what vaccines are and their true benefits and advantages of receiving them. When an individual gets ill,Read MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children914 Words   |  4 PagesVaccines have saved millions of lives since they were first invented hundreds of years ago. But, they continue be a much debated topic among doctors and parents. Their benefits are often disputed because of so-called dangers related to their administration. Although vaccines are extremely effective, parents still have the power to decide if their children will receive them or not. As a result of parents choosing to not vaccinate their children, others may become ill and government spending increasesRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children992 Words   |  4 Pages Vaccines, while known as the painful occurrence at the physicians visits of your childhood, are responsible for eradicating many of the deathly diseases of the past. While no child likes being stuck wi th a needle, guaranteed immunity to certain life altering diseases is worth the slight prick. Recent movements regarding vaccines has shed a negative light on vaccines, and if they continue to grow attention, may bring back some of the diseases that were the initial issue. Vaccines are a very helpfulRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines And Its Effect On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Vaccines Having a baby utterly changes the perspective of the parent. They no longer are self- involved, but now have this new life they brought into the world. Nothing else can give a person the same joy that being a parent can bring. A parent would do anything for their child to protect them and give them the best life imaginable. A parent would never wish an illness upon their child and would do everything in their power to prevent their child from getting sick. With havingRead MoreChildhood Vaccines And Its Effects On Children1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed and debated about whether or not people should vaccinate their children. â€Å"Childhood vaccines offer protection from serious or potentially fatal diseases† (The Mayo Clinic, 2014)†. Vaccinations prevent diseases that can affect a child with symptoms of a cold or in some cases, the disease can be much more serious and can cause disability and death. The problem is that parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children against them. With choosing against vaccinating a child becoming a common

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1297 Words

Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet is one of the most romantic tragedies of all times. It s also one of the most known play worldwide. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy because the two young lovers (Romeo and Juliet) are faced with an obstacle that results in a dreadful conclusion. The main theme of this tragedy is the conquest of man s spirit over life s brutality. A disordered and chaotic world can bring disaster down on those who live it. Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet is one of the most romantic tragedies of all times. It s also one of the most known plays. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy because the two young lovers (Romeo and Juliet) are faced with an obstacle that results in a dreadful conclusion. The theme of this tragedy is triumph of man s spirit over life s cruelty, life decisions over family and sorrow. A disordered and chaotic world can bring disaster down on those who live it. Throughout the play, Shakespeare used poetry which made all of his plays very unique. Sonnets and Couplets are the most important forms of poetry used in Romeo and Juliet. Sonnets which is a poem of 14 lines, (in Shakespeare plays it s throughout the play), uses a number of any formal rhyme schemes. Couplets are two lines of verse joined by a rhyme. An example of a sonnet would be, Romeo [To Juliet] If I profane with my unworthiest hand, this holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Juliet: GoodShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Phaedrus Essay Example For Students

Phaedrus Essay Purposely difficult and intentionally obsessive, Platos Phaedrus is an exceedingly difficult read that defies all conventional logic as a piece of discourse. The text is extremely subjective, open to interpretation and individual creativity as to what or whom the narrative is about. Written by Plato, a close disciple of Socrates, this text is set along the Illissus river where Phaedrus and Socrates meet for a day of speech, debate, rhetoric and okayflirting. Phaedrus leads of the day and recites a speech by his close friend Lysias, who Phaedrus considers to be a top speechmaker. Socrates then, after chiding by Phaedrus unleashes two speeches of his own that overshadow and refute Lysias claim so boldly that Phaedrus is so taken by the power of Socrates, that Phaedrus I think misses the point of the entire speech. I think the main idea of the Phaedrus is that Platos purpose in writing the document, and using Phaedrus as an example of the reader of this dialogue, is to develop a mad pas sion to pursue wisdom because of the way Socrates hints, and later describes his definitions of madness, pursuit of wisdom, and critical thinking. For it were a simple fact that insanity is evil, the saying would be true; but in reality the greatest blessings come to us through madness, when it is sent as a gift of the gods (465). I think that one of the most powerful claims in the entire text is that of how madness is essential to pursue virtually everything, including Phaedrus beloved wisdom. In the quote Socrates is not suggesting or insinuating an aspect of his lesson; he is not merely attempting to get Phaedrus to think, as he so often does in this text, but right here in this quote Socrates declares his love for the ability to be mad. The ability to want something so bad, so vehemently, is what Socrates flat out told Phaedrus, is nothing short of god-like. Socrates said this after his first speech when I believe Phaedrus is just starting to fall under the spell that Socrates i s attempting to blind him with. Speak without fear (465) Phaedrus says to Socrates just a moment before Socrates, I my opinion gives a little more information than he wants to, so early in the text. The quote on page 465 was also very strong because it was unexpected by I think both Socrates and Phaedrus. Socrates is very adamant about madness, and how it is necessary. Necessary for all aspects of life, not just academic, rhetorical or philosophical but for something as fundamental as happiness. We, on our part, must prove that such madness is given by the gods for our greatest happiness; and our proof will not be accepted by the merely clever, but will accepted by the truly wise (469). It is my intention with this quote to show the crucial relationship between madness and the evolution of higher thought. I argue very plainly for this correlation linking the truly wise and madness because it demonstrates Socrates attempt to dangle an idea in front of Phaedrus, who after Socrates 1st speech was expecting a philosophical, structured way of defining the soul and now left to wonder what madness has to do with anything. The quote defends the claim that madness is an essential part of Socrates attempt to persuade Phaedus (the reader) that madness is not something bad; the way Lysias outlined it in his speech, but an obligatory element in developing a passion for something. My discourse has shown that this is, of all inspirations, the best and of the highest origin to him who has it or who shares in this madness, is called a lover (483). Taken from Socrates 2nd speech, Socrates is using madness now on a different level, this time as tool to describe inspiration to be a lover. Socrates literally cites his entire speech to explain how madness leads to love; to passion, not just an evolution of thinking, but also a pursuit of how it manifests itself through madness. It is the madness that I consider to be what the Phaedrus needs to understand. It is in the film Meet Joe Black that was shown in class that Bill Parish (Socrates) explains to his daughter Susan (Phaedrus) Love is passion, obsession, something you cant live withoutforget your head and listen to your heart. I liken Bill Parish to Socrates and Susan to Phaedrus because Bill is giving a speech of heart, not head something in direct contrast to the encounters that Susan has had in her life so far; a pursuit of passion to a captive audience that just like Phaedres has never experienced being made mad by something. It is that madness, that irrationality that has to be present to have the passion to pursue something. I think that the love that Socrates is detailing on page 483 is not a platonic love of respect and sanity, but a passion that at certain times can have no logical reason. It is in this quote is where Socrates is foreshadowing his main idea of that madness is the pursuit of wisdom.The main idea is the madness that drives you to, for example have the courage to see your beloved, to be daring, a daring that is driven by pursuitbut springs wildly foreword, causing all possible trouble to his mate and to the charioteer, and forcing them to approach the beloved and propose all the joys of love (495). It is the second half of the main idea that I think Socrates is featuring resides in a pursuit of wisdom, fueled by the irrational passion. It is not the definition itself, but how and why Phaedrus/ the reader should arrive at the conclusions. The chase is what Socrates sees as the justifiable act of madness. for loftiness of mind and effectiveness in all directions seems somehow to come from these pursuits (547). Socrates is channeling his proof, and mine, through the value and effectiveness coming from the pursuit, not the simple acquisition of such thought through simple questions and answers. The loftiness is a chase that will only make what Phaedrus is attempting to attain somehow better, stronger and truer. I consider the above-mentioned quote to be one of the most comprehensive sentences of the entire text due to the broad nature of the claim. Effectiveness in all directions reinforces how I think Socrates feels about the pursuit of wisdom. To Phaedrus and the reader the quote is an open admission that by simply listening to a days worth of Socrates speeches or reading the text once, is a brutal underestimation of the of the critical thinking, that along with the madness is needed to pursue the desired wisdom. Come here, then, noble creatures, and persuade the fair young Phaedrus that unless he pay proper attention to philosophy he will never be able to speak properly about anything (517). I feel that Socrates at this point, after his 2nd speech is royally pissed at Phaedrus for telling the arrogant Socrates that speechmaking is an art according to Laconian. Socrates sees that the critical thinking that philosophy brings is an essential weapon in the pursuit that Phaedrus is after; and no matter how passionate you are about your pursuit, there is only one right way to pursue wisdom. I think that this quote is the beginning of some frustration that Socrates is feeling toward Phaedrus for not getting it. Frustration that could be characterized as passion or even madness that the reader of this discourse could develop; but without the critical thinking argues Socrates, it is futile. The pursuit of wisdom is ultimate goal of Phaedrus/ the reader. That is the end result that is what being mad, is all about. By denouncing speechmaking, writing, and even his beloved rhetoric, Socrates demonstrates my point a quote about the nature of the mad pursuit. If he has composed his writings with knowledge of the truth, and is able to support them with discussion of that which he has written, and has the power to show by his own speech that the written words are of little worth, such a man ought not to derive his title from such writings, but the serious pursuit that underlies them (575). It is this proof, this evidence that states in clear, unambiguous language that Socrates is telling Phaedrus and the reader the main idea of the lesson. This quote comes at the very end of the lesson giving credence to the serious pursuit as being of a higher power than all other forms of communication that are rational, logical and are done without any heart. Passion and madness are both two serious things I believe, both Socrates and Bill Parish seem to agree with me too. Truth, support, discussion are important Socrates argues, but a man who could speak about knowledge and truth, obtains his title from the pursuit of such things; a pursuit that is without a doubt the central idea of the lesson. The Phaedrus is a document that takes readers on a journey literally, a virtual instruction manual of what it means to be one that possesses soul. The main idea being that the soul is what drives a person, here on earth and in the after-life. The gospel according to Socrates demonstrates soul as immortal, all- knowing and infinite. Essay on Online Shopping Is A Daily Habit Of Most Essay Concerning the immortality of the soul this is enough (471). Soul is the trump card that presides over all aspects of life. The proof is in Socrates own definition of soul that transcends all living and non-living things in both the human life and the afterlife. I believe that Socrates uses direct, obvious dialogue about the nature of soul to be as perfectly clear as possible to in turn be straightforward as to the main idea of the text. Every soul is immortal. For which is ever moving is immortal; but that which moves something else or is moved by something else, when it ceases to move, ceases to liveand since it is ungenerated, it must also be indestructible (469-71). Socrates in this piece of evidence from the text deliberately outlines how the soul is the basis for all he speaks about; the essential lesson which all his speeches are based on. The soul, something that is unbreakable, immortal and that generates all human action. I think Socrates use of the soul, not as a metaphor, but as the id, or drive for all that the soul wants, is, and can do on earth and in the afterlife. It is complete nonsense that the soul is the main idea of the Phaedrus. Absolute and complete nonsense, and Ill tell you why. The soul is nothing more than a thought; a blind spirit or a means to help is story along; nothing more. I believe the soul is nothing more than a by-product of something else, something grander and more encompassing . I am of course, talking about the true main idea of the Phaedrus: The mad pursuit of wisdom. I consider the soul to be just an instrument of the pursuit itself, because in the very nature of the pursuit, Socrates explains in using all interments of a human body heart, mind and soul. It would be ridiculous to say the soul is the main idea when I plainly argue for the true main idea as a broader, relentless pursuit that uses the aspect of human soul in the pursuit of wisdom. Therefore I can conclude that the feeble argument made for the soul as the main idea of the Phaedrus is wrong by virtue my belief that soul is a mere instrument that Socrates uses to explain the mad pursuit of wisdom. In a discourse this long, and lets face it complicated text, many arguments could be made. My paper is evidence that my main point is an accurate statement that is backed up proof in the form of textual evidence. The main idea of the Phaedrus is that Platos purpose for writing the document, and us ing Phaedrus as an example of a reader of the dialogue, is to develop a mad passion to pursue wisdom because of the way Socrates hints and later describes his definitions of madness, the pursuit of wisdom the critical thought that is needed. I proved this main idea through a series of proofs Socrates designed to light a fire in Phaedrus/the reader as to make them passionate about something. I also demonstrated through proofs that I thought Socrates later detailed how to pursue wisdom, fueled by this mad passion that I feel Socrates felt had to illogical. I made the comparison of Bill Parish and Socrates because I felt that the same way the old, wise Socrates was teaching Phaedrus that it was the mad pursuit that makes life worth living; Bill Parish was doing the exact same thing to his daughter Susan. It was another movie though that drove me to the point of madness, even irrational thought; one that Plato wrote, Socrates directed, and Phaedrus acted in, that in the end proved my ow n main idea. - On a personal note, I would like to personally thank you for turning me on to classic Greek literature. Especially all the encouragement you have given me in making this paper my own, and becoming literally addicted, passionate even, about the Phaedrus. I get the feeling though, that I can read and re-read this for 10 years and still not fully get everything that I could or should. But I guess that is the purpose of a text of this magnitude. I really hope enjoyed reading my thoughts on this, because I can honestly say I have had a great time writing it. Words/ Pages : 2,296 / 24

Chapter 17 Review Flashcard

Chapter 17 Review

Was Friar Laurence partly to blame for Romeo and Juliets deaths Essays

Was Friar Laurence partly to blame for Romeo and Juliets deaths Essays Was Friar Laurence partly to blame for Romeo and Juliets deaths Paper Was Friar Laurence partly to blame for Romeo and Juliets deaths Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet Friar Laurence is a highly respected Holy, profoundly religious man, that is regarded with respect and has a reputation of deep wisdom with a high social status, as he is well a well-known member of society, in the city of Verona. For many years he has received countless confessions and has strong beliefs in his religion and in life itself. Romeo knows the Friar very well, and he has known him for a long time, Romeo is a very close friend of Friar Laurences, as Friar Laurence would often here many of Romeos problems, dealing with young Romeos dilemmas and lovers, sharing his wisdom and experience with Romeo, to help him through his troubled times. Bringing them closer together, Romeo giving the trust and confidence that he can confide everything with the Friar. Romeo is Cleary very fond of the Friar and would regard the friars decisions and advise often as the very best, and with high priority. Which means Romeo would take Friar Laurences advice seriously and could easily follow any misjudgements that the Friar could possibly make. Both the feuding Capulets and Montagues are close with the Friar, and I am sure Friar would have given countless advice and heard many confessions each family, giving him massive insight and knowledge into both families and the spiteful, ancient dispute between them. Friar Laurence would know an awful lot about both families, but he is known as a good man and has (as far as we no in the play) not used this information against the two families, which he could easily do, but obviously he does care, about the families, and particularly in Romeo. After a very short debate and curious interrogations, Friar Laurences quickly ready to marry Romeo and Juliet. But Friar Laurence is surprised by the speed in which Romeo has become so deeply in love with yet another girl, as only a week before was Romeo pouring his heart and shedding many tears over his painful love for Rosaline, in which the Friar had spent many hours comforting Romeo. But no he is so quickly in love with a knew lover that it takes the Friar in someone irritated surprise, So soon forsaken? .. Hath washd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline! How much salt water thrown away in waste Friar Laurence is stating in this Quotation, and emphasising how amazed and shocked he is at Romeo change in lover, he is saying all the times he has cried over Rosaline has been in vein, when he could not of loved here truly, and just how he has suddenly got over Rosaline. But then Romeo tell of him and Juliet wooing and their marriage, and how deeply in love they are, the Friar Laurence seems to become slightly more convinced, and he vows his alliance, mainly because of their friendship, but I think he may see a further benefit of this love, In one respect Ill thy assistant be, for this alliance may so happy prove, to turn your houses rancour to pure love. Then he offers Romeo some more advice Wisely and slow, they stumble that run fast. Basically he is saying slowly down in your ventures, if you go to fast he will fail, nice and slow and he will prevail. However, I think this sudden dramatic chance in lover, could of dampened the Friars confidence or trust in Romeo actions and Romeos love integrity, as he is shocked of his suddenly getting over his desperate love for Rosaline, as he mentions, Good pardon sir, wast thou with Rosaline? None of this dissuasion in Romeos love integrity and actions is profoundly shown, but I think it could be a possibility, due to the number of hours the Friar spent comforting Romeo for his love for Rosaline, and now for him to simply go and love another woman, this could of irritated the friar a lot. And as the Friar is a wise and intelligent man, this would obviously make him query the reality of Romeos love, but still he doesnt say this to Romeo, he merely states that Romeo could benefit also from it and it could make his dream of true love come true. So I think Friar Laurence isnt telling the entire story of what he thinks or knows to be true. Section 2 Friar Laurence only confides his discrete marriage in the nurse, and there could be several reasons for doing so. One reason is that maybe he only told the nurse because he wants to claim the credit for ending the long lasting feud with the two families, or maybe he simply wanted to help Romeo and Juliet, and doesnt want to be revealed to be involved because he doesnt want to be found out and at the brute of the blame, that the two battling families will inevitably crash down on some poor soul. There could be serious consequences for the marriage, as the thought of uniting one person from each of the feuding families in holy matrimony is laughable, because they hate each other so much. However, on the other hand Friar Laurence could be keeping discrete so he can monitor the outcome of the families reaction, for example if the families took the marriage well, and saw the good attributes that it could have, the Friar would claim the credit for coming up with the plan to marry two of their family members, whereas if the families took it badly and they were in uproar, Friar Laurence would attempt to remain discrete and rid himself of all involvement. But there could be many reasons for the familys acceptance of the marriage, such the marriage reuniting the families and bring peace to the streets of Verona. Using it as an escape route out of the bloody hate that the two feuding families have shared for centuries, and bringing them together. So Friar Laurence may have foreseen the possible outcomes and done all of this in an attempt to help Romeo, but also for a greater good of bringing peace to the two main bodies of Verona. So what if he wants o bask in the glory of the amazing feat that he could off achieved? But I believe he didnt mention the plan to anyone else because it is a very serious matter, and as I said before their could be serious consequences if all went wrong. Section 3 scene 3 Friar Laurence conceals Romeo and sends him away in scene three. Telling no one except those concerned of his plans, and keeping his thoughts and ideas to himself. This plan of his can have many good or bad effects. It could be a bad idea because by concealing Romeo and telling more lies, he is making things a lot more complicated. Leading to him having to wind more webs of lies, this plan also makes him a criminal, and could have some very serious effects on Friar Laurence. This however also shows the Friars loyalty and could emphasize his closeness with Romeo, helping him get away and burdening himself with the high responsibility for Romeo and Juliets lives. He has taken on a huge burden, making it now up to him that everything goes all right and Romeo stays in concealed, as well as the marriage. There can be many attributes to Friar Laurences decisive tactics, such as saving Romeo and Juliets marriage, and possible their lives, because marrying them puts their lives in danger, but they could of committed suicide for being apart like they did at the end, as the Friar possibly has some understanding of Romeos emotions, by hiding their marriage and concealing Romeo he has proved himself very honourable. Whilst Romeo is in hiding, Friar Laurence works furiously to negotiate between and reunite the two families but also to reconcile Romeo, which if it works would inevitably soften the blow of Romeo and Juliets marriage, ad by negotiating the Friar could bring the two families slightly closer together, so It appears that all the Friars motives are o the highest quality, honour and loyalty, because he is putting himself at risk by trying to unite the families and trying to save Romeo and Juliet, and importantly reconciling Romeo, which puts burden and responsibility on him. Section 3 Act 4 scene 2 Friar Laurence after much heartache and dramatically shed tears from Juliet offers a very serious proposition, and possible escape route for Juliet. This is of course the plot to give Juliet a very strong sleeping draught (potion) so she will appear dead, and defying her father and to avoid her marriage with Paris. Again this is a completely secret affair, only Friar Laurence and Juliet knowing, not even Romeo. This plot id a very serious matter, as the outcome could go many ways, and unfortunately no one knows how Friar Laurence wanted the future of the plot to hold, he could of planned it so the two families are so sad of Juliets passing, that it would soften the blow when they find out Romeos terrible deeds, and possibly bring him reconcilement. Hopefully then their marriage to be accepted and the two families to be brought back together, because they would just be pleased with the retuning of their two relatives Romeo and Juliet. Friar Laurence could be keeping this a secret merely because he wants the best for Romeo and Juliet, or he could be keeping low key because h wants to see the initial families reaction, if they accepted the marriage and the families reunited, he would claim the credit and gain much glory and reward, but if they were not to take it well he would maybe deny all involvement. But of course this is not a very priestly dead to commit, isnt his role to reveal truth and encourage honesty? Could he be solely acting out of self-interest? Or is he doing everything for Romeo and Juliet? Either way he has not acted very priestly, but if his motives are for Romeo and Juliet, and for the future of the two families, he has acted very loyal and honourably. As the consequences of the marriage on Romeo and Juliet far excel his own, maybe he is frightened of his bigamous performance of marriage, so providing Juliet with the sleeping potion could be his method of protecting himself. But in the past he has proved much loyalty for both Romeo an Juliet, and all others, out of no self merit or no feather reward than religious and personal satisfaction, and with this plot comes as much danger for his reputation and his life as the reward for bringing the families together, bringing Romeo back and saving the marriage. Also the two families are both extremely powerful, he simply cannot afford to offend either, yet he is putting his life and reputation on the line to save Romeo and Juliet, but if Juliet persists with her threat to kill herself, the truth could come out and the Friar will be blamed, so he could be doing this to keep Juliet quite, or he could be doing it to save the marriage. There is much danger involved, yet he still persists with his dramatic plot, having no escape now, he has preformed the marriage, he is very much involved now, all he can do it go forward and persist. Section 4 In act five scene 3, Friar Laurence asks Friar John to deliver the letter to Romeo, telling all of his plot and of Juliets deep slumber. But Friar John would no take the letter to Romeo, nor would any messenger, due to their fear of infection from Romeo, because they believe he is diseased with evil, and they do not want to catch it to be sent away. Friar Laurence nos that Romeo is not diseased, yet he still will not take the letter to Romeo, Friar Laurence insists upon Friar john taking it but he does not, so the letter explaining Juliet is not really dead never reaches Romeo. Instead Romeo gets the new that she is dead, Friar Laurence should of predicted this and his reaction, because he knows Romeo very well, but I think he may question Romeos love integrity and therefore underestimate his reaction. The correct thing to do for Friar Laurence was deliver this important letter himself, or maybe explain in person. So this was a big mistake of Friar Laurences. Section 5 In act 5 scene 3 Friar Laurence has a very brief told with Friar John, asking him to deliver the letter to Romeo, and to get the crowbar, I cannot understand why Friar Laurence does not get the crowbar himself, as he is the only one that understands the urgency of the situation, and Friar John would be slow in getting it because he does not no of the rush Friar Laurence is in. This could of delayed Friar Laurence quite a bit and could of lead t him being late. I do not believe he took him time purposely because he obviously wanted to get their before Romeo, but maybe Friar Laurence didnt understand the urgency of the situation himself, because he could of misjudged Romeos reaction, so two very big mistakes. Section 6 I think it could have been fate that caused the events to occur in that way, and Romeo and Juliet to commit suicide, and that maybe Friar Laurence could have just been another victim of the events already laid of by destiny, but I believe you can change he stars and fate, and I believe that Romeo and Juliet would not have die if Friar Laurence had judged the situation correctly and arrived earlier. But a whole series of overlaying events happened to make the final devastating deaths happen, so it could have been fate, and no matter what Friar Laurence did the same thing could of happened. Conclusion I think there are many things that Friar Laurence could and couldnt have done to lead to this final dramatic ending. I believe he is partly to blame because he got himself involved and took the responsibility of Juliets life, without taking into consideration Romeos reactions. The friar took to long to get to the tomb, and he made a huge mistake by not giving Romeo the letter in person, or explaining the situation in person to Romeo. But I think Friar Laurence had no intentions of hurting either of them, he proved himself loyal and honourable, and had very loyal motives, he put himself at risk for the better of the two families and Romeo and Juliet, but he obviously did not think through the plan enough and that makes him party to blame. I think he could of prevented them from dying by thinking more about what he was doing and the implications of Juliets fake death o Romeo, but if the Friar had not been involved I think Romeo and Juliet would have just got married by another Friar, so I do not blame him for getting involved, he had no choice, because each of their feelings were so great for each other they would have done whatever it took to be together. So Friar did a loyal good thing and married them, with the hopeful intention he might bring together the too families by doing so, but it was not his fault the feud f the families were so strong, and Romeo and Juliets feelings were so great they could not bear to be apart. I think a large amount of the blame lies with the families, the Capulets tried to force Juliet into marrying Paris, whom Juliet didnt love in the slightest, and with both families because they took the feud so seriously and fought any respects they might have for each other and looked upon each other with severe spite and distaste, that it was all rather petty, if their was no feud, Romeo and Juliet would not have died. I believe Friar Laurence should not be blamed because he was a good man that only had everyones intentions but his own at heart, and he only wanted what was best for the families and Romeo and Juliet, he only made a few mistakes that lead to very dire consequences, but I do not blame him for those mistakes. He may not have acted in a very religious Friar way, and at the start of the plot it was hard to see the Friars intentions and that they werent solely of self-interest, and that his discreetness was because he wanted all of the glory and reward, but this is not the case. I think he kept it a secret and told very few because if anyone else new word would get out and his plan of Romeo and Juliet living together happily, and the families reuniting, would be destroyed.

How to Make Colored Flowers

How to Make Colored Flowers Its easy to make your own colored flowers, especially carnations and daisies, but there are a couple of tricks that help ensure great results. Heres how you do it. Tips Materials: Light-colored flowers, food coloring, waterConcepts Illustrated: Evaporation, cohesion, xylem, capillary actionTime Required: Few hours to a dayExperience Level: Beginner Colored Flower Materials Fresh flowers, preferably white - Dont use wilted flowers since they might not be able to absorb water well. Good choices include daisies and carnations.Food coloringWarm water You can use other colors of flowers besides white. Just keep in mind the final color of the flower will be a mix of the nature pigments in the flower and the dye. Also, many flower pigments are pH indicators, so you can simply change the color of some flowers by putting them into water with baking soda (a base) or lemon juice/vinegar (common weak acids). Make Colored Flowers Trim the stems of your flowers so they arent excessively long.Make a slanted cut at the base of the stem under water. The cut is slanted so that the stem wont sit flat on the bottom of the container. A flat cut can prevent the flower from taking in water. Make the cut underwater to prevent air bubbles from forming in the tiny tubes at base of the stem, which would prevent water/color from being drawn up.Add food coloring to a glass. Youre looking at about 20-30 drops of food coloring per half cup of warm water. Warm water will be taken more readily than cold water.Set the damp stem of the flower in the colored water. The petals should become colored after a few hours. It may take as long as 24 hours, however, depending on the flower.You can set the colored flowers in plain water or flower preservative, but they will continue to drink water, changing the pattern of the color over time. Getting Fancy You can slit the stem up the middle and put each side in a different color to get bi-colored flowers. What do you think you will get if you put half of the stem in blue dye and half in yellow dye? What do you think will happen if you take a colored flower and put its stem in dye of a different color? How It Works A few different processes are involved in plant drinking or transpiration. As water evaporates from flowers and leaves, the attractive force between water molecules called cohesion pulls more water along. Water is pulled up through tiny tubes (xylem) that run up a plants stem. Although gravity might want to pull the water back down toward the ground, water sticks to itself and these tubes. This capillary action keeps water in the xylem in much the same way as water stays in a straw when you suck water through it, except evaporation and biochemical reactions provide the initial upward pull.

Business strategy of IKEA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business strategy of IKEA - Essay Example Strong Connection with Culture: The IKEA furniture has become an essential part of the culture. Its perennial existence has made it the de facto furniture company and many of its products have a long history. Employee Focus on Thrift: In an environment of increasing competition every last penny has value. The practice and culture of employees being thrifty to ensure that they utilize every last penny properly indicates that the firm’s culture dictated that resources be used properly. Staffing levels are appropriate, and not excessive, and even top employees fly economy to indicate that squandering of resources will not be tolerated. Entrepreneurial spirit of the Kamprands: Kamprand was known for his entrepreneurial abilities and skill of identifying profit opportunities. He had a knack of choosing the ventures with most potential. Even with IKEA he was able to establish a low cost supply line very early into the firm’s existence. High Turnover to Visits ration: IKEA pos es a high visits to turnover ratio. For every million visits to the store revenue of 34 million is generated. This is a really good figure as it reflects the firms’ brilliant selling skills and customer loyalty. Strong presence in 25-50 year old population: The strong connection of Sec B and C to IKEA is a strongpoint for the firm. Even some portion of the A class consider IKEA as an option. The customers are smart, hence IKEA doesn’t need to do the pitch for everyone. Weaknesses: The weakness of IKEA will help us evaluate what is wrong with the firm and how it can improve it for the betterment of its owners and stakeholders. Informal ownership structure/No Shares: The absence of shareholders and a proper board of directors means that there is little accountability of managerial... This essay discusses that home furnishing was a market with immense potential globally. The global sales for the industry reached a staggering $600 Billion in items such as furniture, textile, and floor coverings. A significant percentage (less than 50%) of these sales were constituted by furniture stores. IKEA was standing strong with a 2.5% share in the global market and reaching sales of greater than $20 Billion. The market was highly fragmented, with most of the competition occurring locally rather than globally. Strengths are the core competencies and strong points of firms. A look at the strengths of IKEA would give us an idea of how the firm has been so successful throughout the years. The IKEA furniture has become an essential part of the culture. Its perennial existence has made it the de facto furniture company and many of its products have a long history. The weakness of IKEA will help us evaluate what is wrong with the firm and how it can improve it for the betterment of its owners and stakeholders. The absence of shareholders and a proper board of directors means that there is little accountability of managerial practices. The domination of the Kamprand family means that the corporate structure format of firms is missing and the firm continues to be more of a family businesses influenced by incumbents rather than managerial experts. IKEA has taken the rough route in times of tough economic conditions. It has got rid of workers and insisted on cost cutting rather than innovation. This, however, was the need of the hour as the economic conditions demanded such action.

Detail-level technical architecture- Information technology Research Paper

Detail-level technical architecture- Information technology - Research Paper Example The overall system/farm encompasses system process and people (Shelly, & Rosenblatt, 2012). System process involves rules and procedures that must be followed when the system architecture is executing its operation to give out the most optimal solution (Object Management Group, Inc, 2012). On the other hand, people include; system architectural personnel, information system managers, Information Technology specialist and information security personnel’s who are responsible towards ensuring that the overall information system is running properly as intended (Wang & Wang, 2012). The technological infrastructural aspect may help adopt farm to address system security issues as well as problems attributed to organization governance because it integrate the entire system which allows system administrators to identify the potential problem and develop the most optimal solution (Lang, 2008). The Integrated Architectural design may help Adopt-A-Farm to operate virtually in a more effec tive and efficient manner (Dennis, Wixom & Roth, 2009). For proper analysis of the technical architecture artifacts, the following four divisions may be vital for the purpose of this analysis. The first division entails contextual level analysis, under this level, business visions, missions and drivers are integrated together and documented in a manner that provide the overall architectural design with a clear guideline on what is to be achieved (Schuck, 2007). Moreover, the guiding architectural principles are put so that it can be possible to identify the most urgent priorities and their effects on the operations of Adopt-A-Farm Business (Compton, W. D., & National Academy of Engineering, 1988). Additionally, contextual stage entails data collection and compilation which further provide a blue print for the overall architectural framework (Boucher & YalcÃŒ §in, 2006). Conceptual level analysis is the second division for technical architectural design. Under this level, the

Kant’s Approach to Ethics and the Issue of Suicide Essay Example for Free

Kant’s Approach to Ethics and the Issue of Suicide Essay The Renowned German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential philosophers of the modern age, whose thought, with its emphasis on the subject, turned the wheels of western philosophy to a new synthesis of idealism and realism in the form of transcendentalism. His ethical theory, developed in his reputed book The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, has to be taken along with the spirit of philosophy that enshrines his three Critiques whenever one attempts a critique on ethical issues like suicide as a gesture of self-love. Body of the Essay (Can suicide be ethical? ) Kant holds the theory of intrinsic morality based on the autonomy of human will. Good is good by itself, and the right is right by itself. It doesn’t depend upon the consequences or effects of the action for a human action to be right or wrong. According to Kantian deontological theory of ethics, committing suicide is wrong and unacceptable from any perspective since it is an action that goes against the categorical imperative he proposed as the norm for ethical decisions. His Categorical Imperative runs thus: â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. † (Wolf Robert Paul (ed) Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals: text and critical essays. 1969. p. 44). Each individual subject should decide for himself and act in such a way that he wills that his maxim should be a universal law. (Wolf, p. 21). Let us now take up the issue of suicide. Suicide may be a personally-decided act, on selfish reasons, emotions or recommendations from physical situations (as in the case of euthanasia). In whatever respects it may be, it goes against the Categorical Imperative, and hence, it is inherently or intrinsically wrong to commit it. Kant argues that committing suicide out of self-love is contrary to the categorical imperative because there is a contradiction in a system of nature, whose law would be to destroy life by the feeling whose special office is to impel the improvement of life. (Wolf, p. 45). Rather he thinks that the destruction of life is incompatible with its improvement and that nature always chooses organs adapted to their purpose (p. 13), so that nature couldnt (or wouldnt? ) allow self-love to be used in a way contrary to its purpose which is improvement and nurture of life. In accordance with Kant’s intrinsic morality, the categorical imperative also supports a Practical Imperative, that one has to act so that one treats humanity, whether in his own person or in that of another, always as an end in itself and never as a means only. (Wolf, p. 54). One has to respect and support one’s life because of the dignity implied within. By dignity, he means, unconditional and incomparable worth (Wolf, p. 61). Kant supports this theory with his theory of incommensurability, which holds that moral virtue is infinitely better than anything else. From the perspective of human dignity as well, suicide seems to be an unbecoming action for humans. Conclusion For Kant, reason holds the supreme position (as elaborated in Critique of Pure Reason), and ethics as science, is not rooted in religion or metaphysics, but rather on the inherent worth of existence. Hence, suicide is an unacceptable mode of action even from the perspective of self-love. Love nourishes and does rarely destroy. And even when a bit of destruction is involved, it is only to nurture better that it destroys. Suicide is total destruction without nurture and thus contradicts the very nature of self-love. References Gregory, Mary (ed)(1998) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant. New York: Cambridge University Press Henson, Richards (1979). What Kant Might Have Said: Moral Worth and the Over-determination of Dutiful Action†, in Phil. Review, January, 1979, pp. 39-54). Smith, Norman Kemp (trans. ) (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Wolf, Robert Paul (ed. ) (1969) Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals: text and critical essays. trans. , by Lewis White Beck. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Reflections on Shevchenkos Kateryna Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Purpose Statement The purpose of this research paper is to discover why Taras Shevchenko uses of women in his poetry. Along with the poem â€Å"Kateryna†, women are used quite heavily by the author. The women in his poetry appear to symbolize the czarist imposition of serfdom in the Ukraine. The irony was written when his own freedom was purchased by a friend. Women are usually seen as becoming impregnated by Moscals and then abandon by their impregnators. Shevchenko desire is to reveal how the czars imprison the Ukrainian people just as women are put into a prison by the seduction of the soldiers from Moscow. Problem Statement Taras Shevchenko, through his poem, "Kateryna," was addressing the issue of Petersburg imposing serfdom upon the Ukraine. He used the symbol of women who gave themselves to the Moscals soldiers. The problem Shevchenko perceived was twofold. He was concerned about how Ukraine purity was being filed by the introduction of Russian genes by these women's pregnancies. The second was Russian interference into everyday Ukrainian life as symbolized by the pregnant women being abandoned by the Moscal soldier. Introduction Not taking into account all challenges and difficulties, Taras Shevchenko, ninetieth century Ukrainian romantic national poet, wrote in Ukrainian and about Ukraine. He demonstrated that the Ukrainian language deserves literary attention and in turn rekindling a latent Ukrainian national spirit. George Luckyj writes â€Å"Shevchenko provided in his poems the raison d’à ªtre of the modern Ukrainian nation. The mythic poet became a national prophet†. Thus his first importance to Ukraine is clear: his works for the first time proved the intellectual maturity of the Ukrainian language and culture. Although... ...uel before your grief. (Shevchenko) Works Cited "Early Ukrainian Identity: The Case of Taras Shevchenko." Perspectives Student Journal of Germanic and Slavic Studies. Winter 2004. Web. 4 May 2012. Luckyj, George S.N. "The Archetype of the Bastard in Shevchenko's Poetry." Shevchenko and the critics, 1861-1980. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980. pp. 386-394. Rudnichenko, Nataliya. Being a women in Ukraine. Welcome to Ukraine n.d. Web. 5 May 2012. Shevchenko, Taras. "If You but Knew." 1961. Shevchenko Poetry. Taras Shevchenko Museum. n.d. Web. 6 May 2012. Shevchenko, Taras. "Katerina." 1960. Electronic Library of Ukraine Literature. University of Toronto. n.d. Web. 5 May 2012. Zheleznova, Irina, John Weir and Olga Shartse. "Selected Works by Taras Shevchenko." Spring, 1984. The Modern Language Journal , Vol. 68, No. 1 (Spring, 1984), pp. 89-90.

Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh

Shipbreaking Activities in Bangladesh and collision of Marine Biodiversity Prabal Barua Associate Program Officer YPSA The marine environment of the coastal water is vital to mankind on a global as well as on local basis concerning energy. Man is becoming a dominant part of the ecosystem in many regions, due to his various uses of the marine environment. So the health of marine ecosystem is an important factor in man own existence.The Bay of Bengal which is a potential bode of marine life as well as for it’s vast coastal communities is now continually polluted by different types of pollutant through influx of land base and other sources and put an alarming signal of awareness about pollution in the sea. The coastal areas of Chittagong Support a complex trophic organization sustain a high biodiversity including some endemic species and are highly susceptible to interference from activities. Coastal ecosystem makes a sustainable livelihood particularly to coastal fishing communi ties.Ship breaking yards along the coast of Chittagong (Faujdarhat to Kumira) has become a paramount importance in the macro-and micro-economic context of poverty- stricken Bangladesh. Shipbreaking activities present both challenge and opportunity for coastal zone management in holistic manner. The history of ship breaking is as nearly old as shipbuilding. As we know that a ship is relatively a large vessel capable of operating in the deep ocean. The term ‘vessels’ applies to the vessels of over 5000 tons and that can navigate in open seas.In Bangladesh ship breaking is popularly known as ‘Beaching’. Ship breaking started as a business in Bangladesh in 1972. Prior to that, 2/3 ships were scrapped during Pakistan period. It started automatically when a 20000 DWT vessel was drive ashore by the devastating tidal bore of 1965. That was the first ship scrapped on the 2 Chittagong sea beach. At present, ship breaking is conducted in an area of about 10 km by 32 o ut of 110 ship Breaking yards from Bhatiari, Sonaichhari, kumira under the Sitakunda upazilla of Chittagong.The Department of Environment (DoE) has categorized the Ship Breaking Industry (SBI) as ‘Red’ in 1995(EIA guidelines for the Industries, 1997). The Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is not conducted before the establishment of SBI. As there is no monitoring cell, the Shipyard owners are operating their business overwhelmingly as well as indiscriminately. They are less conscious about hazards, toxicity and environmental pollution whereas more conscious about their benefit. Wastes of the scrapped ships are discharged directly into its adjacent areas which are ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal.These wastes especially oil and oily substances, PCBs, TBTs, PAHs etc. and different types of trace and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) are being accumulated into the marine biota. As a result, marine fisheries diversity of the Chittagong coast that supports highly d iversified marine water fishes, mollusks and benthic organisms etc. is at the stake right at this moment. Moreover the Coastal inhabitants/fisher folks lead not only their livelihoods but also solely depend on the coastal resources for their protein source.The CPUE (Catch Per Unit effort) has drastically been reduced to more than half comparatively of a few decades ago. As a consequence, the coastal fisher folks are at the stake of their existence. They are either leaving their hereditary profession or migrating to other places and becoming ‘environmental refugees’. That is why their socio-economic status is below the poverty level. There are few studies was done to find out the linkage between Ship breaking activity (SBA) and the marine pollution, impact on fisheries biodiversity and livelihoods of the fishermen community.In those researches, investigators considered Bhatiary to Kumira as affected area and Sandwip Island as control area from the shipbreaking activity. The eastern side of Sandwip has been considered as control site because these are diagonally opposite and off the SBYs and the water and soil qualities are apparently free from pollutants as revealed from the earlier studies. From the previous analysis we found that trace metals concentration in sediments at shipbreaking area are so much higher than recommendation by GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution).But the researchers found that Sandwip which is significantly very lower than that of sediments at affected area. The values of Lead (Pb), Cadmium(Cd) and Mercury(Hg) found six and half; eight and half and ninety four times higher than that of certified values respectively. These could be attributed to the combined effects of oil and oil spillage, petroleum hydrocarbons from ships, tankers, mechanized boats etc. During the investigation all the researcher found water qualities such as Hydrogen Ion H Concentration (p ), Dissolve Oxygen (D. O), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B. O. D), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C. O.D), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Oil and Ammonia (NH3) were concentrated as a higher value in affected area than control area according to the standard value of water quality for the coastal water of Bangladesh (EQS, 1991). All the parameters observed such a higher that they exceeded the value of EQS. But the water parameters in Sandwip channel were optimum and near to the value of EQS standard. Water qualities in affected area exceeded the EQS standard which reveals that the water body of the adjacent area of ship breaking yards is not suitable for the existence of flora and fauna.The higher concentration was due to the discharge of various refuse oils and oily substances, dyes, chemicals, iron pieces, various types of metal rusts, solids, dyes, erosion of soil dust etc. from the ship breaking yards. Pollutants are also discharged from the Sitakunda industrial area into the run-off open t o the Bay. Impact of Marine Biodiversity: Biodiversity, which is sort for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the whole variety of life on earth. In popular usage, the word biodiversity is often used to describe all the species living in a particular area.Biodiversity can be summarized as â€Å"Life on earth. † It is defined as â€Å" The varieties of life on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystem, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. † The total biodiversity of an area can be broken down into two hierarchical components: the number of functional types of organisms (animals and plants) or ecosystems (forest, prairie, tundra and marine intertidal) and the number of functionally equivalent organisms within each functional type.There are three types of aspects to biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. All three interact and change over time and from place to place. Phytoplankton is the primary food producers of the aquatic habitat and plays an important role in the food chain. Phytoplankton is the best index of the biological productivity. Analysis of phytoplankton showed that during monsoon, Aanabaena , Clostratrum(10. 98%) and Coscinodiscus(21. 97%), Euglena (9. 89%) and Zygnema (30. 76%) and during post monsoon Coscinodiscus (97. 5%) and Euglena (2. 5%) dominated in the affected site.In the control site of Sandwip, these were dominated as 30. 41%, 19. 46%; 17. 03%; 9. 73%; 23. 35% in the monsoon and 94. 73% and 5. 26% respectively in the post monsoon. Throughout the study period the abundance of phytoplankton at affected site was 91 cells/ l in monsoon season and 80 cells/ l in post monsoon season and in control site it was 411 cells/l in monsoon season and 190 cells / l in post monsoon season. Drifting small floating animals, in the water body are collectively known as zooplankton on which the whole aquatic life depends directly or indirectly.As zooplankton i s very sensitive to optimum condition, so the coastal pollution due to ship breaking activities may have profound affects on its survival and occurrence. Analysis of zooplankton showed that Calanoida, Cyclopedia, Sagitta, Lucifer etc in the monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp; Lucifer and Zoea in the post monsoon were dominated in the affected site as revealed during zooplankton analysis whereas in the control site the dominant zooplankton were found as Calanoida, Cylpclpedia, Sagitta and Zoea during the post monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp, Lucifer, Cladocera and Zoea in the post monsoon respectively.The bottom living organisms –the benthos play an important role in the food chain especially in the inter tidal zone and it is also well recognized that the richest fisheries of the world are closely related to the benthic communities. Among the macro benthos, Amphipods, Polychaetes, Nemertina and Fish egg in the monsoon and Nemertina, Cladocera, Cyclopoida and Calanoida w ere found to be dominated at the affected site.But at the control site, Amphipod, Polychaete, Nemertina, Fish egg during the monsoon and Cladocera, Nemertina , Calanoida and Polychaete in the post monsoon were dominated So, the abundance of macro benthos in affected site was 118. 46 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 4186. 74 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season, while in in the control site 368. 28 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 14204. 41 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season.The fishery resources of the area seems to be affected by the ship breaking activities as revealed by increased fishing efforts, reduced species diversity, increased amount of trash fish. Horizontal expansion of the ship breaking yards has posed threat not only to the diversified coastal resources but also on the adjacent coastal inhabitants specially the fisher folks. The fishing hamlets of this study were found backward in the field of primary education and health that are the basic needs for them.Communication and dri nking water supply were observed satisfactory but the sanitation status was found to be very poor. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) study showed that about 90% of them were local and full time fishermen and 10% were migratory of different districts including Bhola, Barisal, Mymensingh and others. The fisher folks are dissatisfied with different NGO activities working in this area. No government aid was found to be available for the welfare of fishermen communities.The catch has declined in the tune of at least 50 to 60% of what was two decades ago. This incident has got serious implication in the context of survival of such a disgraced community. It was found that about 70% of the fishermen had either nets or boats or both of them. They use both mechanized and non-mechanized boats and some traditional fishing crafts (Dinghi) for fishing. Among the fishing nets Set Beg Net (Behundi Jal) and Gill Net (Ilish Jal) were found to be widely used.Though the gears are available for fishin g, they can catch a very little amount in every effort. They uniquely reported that the fish catch had been reduced more than half of the previous time. Analysis of catch composition indicates that some commercially important fishes like Indian salmon (Polynemus indicus) commonly known as Lakhua, grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) known as bole coral; Long jew fish (Otolithoides brunneus) locally known as lombu fish; spanish mackerel (Cybium guttatum) known as maitta and butter fish (Psenes indicus) etc are in endangered position.Some other commercially important fishes like River shad (Tenualusa ilisha) Jwelled shad (Ilisha filigera) locally known as choikka; mud skipper (Gobies); mango fish (Polynemus paradysius) known as ‘Hriska Machh’; silver pomfret (Stromateus chinensis); bombay duck (Herpodon nehereus); mullet ( Mugil cephalus); Sea bass (Lates calcarifer); Anchovy(Coilia dussumeri; Coilia ramkorati; Setipinna taty) etc are reduced in catch. Many coastal fishermen are leaving their hereditary profession and moving around everyday as ‘environmental refugees’ from a state of unemployed and poverty to underemployment and grim poverty.Due to the deterioration of the water body, fishes are moving away from this area into the deep sea. But the poor fishermen with small fishing boats can hardly fish at deep seas the creditors and swindlers are taking this chances and rush to lend money and thus make them run into debt. The fishermen also reported that while they catch fish at sea they face piracy. They also face the muscle man, middle man and swindlers when they return with fewer amounts of fish.. These criminals snatch away the fishes forcefully. The fishermen are exploited by the dealers in dadon (earnest money).It is made obligatory that the middleman determines the price of fish in the season of fish. They are to sell fish to the lenders at a nominal or throwaway price. The middlemen indulge in maintaining miscreants to exercise th eir authority over them. Before the season of fish they borrow 4/5 thousand Taka from the dadonders (Buyers cum earnest money lenders) to repair the boat which lead them run into debt. Generally the months of MarchApril-May (Falgoon-Chaitra-Baishakh) are the â€Å"season of scarcity† as reported by the fishermen during PRA survey.At this time they require at least Tk. 4000/5000 to repair their boats, nets and for other incidental expenses. Most of the fishermen opined that Ship Breaking Activity (SBA) creates problems to them and the rest did not respond. Besides, 90% of the villagers of the vicinity were anxious about their existence in future. Their nets for the catching fish become stuck with oil and impurities. They suffer from respiratory difficulties, sonic booms, explosions, lightning, fumes, toxic chemicals and skin diseases.It is clear from the sociological study that coastal fish species diversity has been reduced due to the ship breaking activities. The fishermenâ €™s hereditary profession is now at the vulnerable position due to the Ship Breaking Activity (SBA); less access to credit etc. But the most interesting thing is that they are not conscious about their rights and deprivation. The increasing SBA is depleting the fishery resources which simultaneously decreasing catch per unit effort (CPUE). So this trend is provoking the fisher folks to change their livelihoods for what they never feel comfort and safe.Land grabbing by the yard owners also occurs sometime. Expansion of the yard shrinks the area of the fishing villages. They have to leave their space with a very nominal price. They have rights over only 200 feet of the seashore where they dry nets and anchor boats. Erosion of the village by sea wave action threatened the fishing village’s decade after decade. It started in sixties and nearly half a kilometer of the village has disappeared into the sea. Now at least 20,000 people engaged in catching fish are at the stake of their existence.Bangladesh is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 and the Biosafety Protocol. Bangladesh is also a party to the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna and Flora (CITES). Bangladesh has a Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 (ordinance No XXXV) and under this ordinance government may declare any area of Bangladesh fisheries waters and any adjacent or surrounding land to be a marine reserve (Part VII). So, if government will declare Sandwip channel and its adjacent area as a marine reserve area for fisheries biodiversity it will be.Besides, there are many laws, rules and polices in Bangladesh to conserve marine biodiversity such as The territorial water and maritime zones act (1974) and rules (1977), The forest act (1917), Environment Conservation Act (1995), Protection and Conservation of Fish rules (1985), national fish policy (1996), the water policy (1999), the environment policy (1992). If we conserve our diversi fy marine biodiversity it will be urgent need to establish environment friendly Shipbreaking activity in Bangladesh. Related article: Padma Bridge

“the Catcher in the Rye Expository Essay”

â€Å"The catcher in the rye expository essay† The catcher in the rye is a book I have read and really enjoyed because of the plot and the characters in the novel. â€Å"I always call it the catcher of the rye of the new generation. † (www. Thinkexist. comJessica sharzer) the novel takes place in New York. This narrativeis really enjoyable and fun to read. This novel deals with a lot of issues and this is the reason I enjoyed this innovative story. The story takes place in New York City and this is one of the many reasons why I like this novel. The story was also written in a narrative format because of the way the main character: Holden Coldenfield. Holden narrates throughout the entire narrative because he is the narrator. He has been kicked out of eight different schools due to the way he acts in class and towards his peers. He also smokes to keep his stress down because of the way he acts. Every single person who knows of Holden would not like or even care for him. The only person who cared for him is his little sister. The family does not know he was kicked out of his new school Yancy academy. Holden cares for his little sister Phoebe Caulfield. Holden also stays at a hotel for a couple of nights after being kicked of his poised school Yancy academy. He tries to act like an adult to show he is not afraid even though he is sixteen. When Holden couldn’t afford to stay at the hotel anymore he decided to stay with a teacher who tries to molest him while he sleeps and Holden then decides to leave the teachers house without calling the police. While he is walking he happens upon a bar and decides to walk in even though he is sixteen but he has a fake driver’s license and he sees a girl dancing by herself and so he decides to ask her out and it does not end well for him. Holden decides to leave New York for another city because he knows that his family will send him to another prep school. His family might start to miss him since he was their only son and they took him for granted. Before leaving he finds his sister while she is on a field trip in central park and takes her to a merry go round before leaving. Since Holden really cares for Phoebe he explains to her that he is leaving and won’t be coming back and he tells her that he loves her. He also tells Phoebe the dream he had explaining him being a catcher in the rye and how he was catching little kids as they ran off a cliff. After he is done telling her this she asks him if she could go with him when he leaves New York. Finally, the catcher in the rye is a novel that I have read and enjoyed because of the characters and the plot in the novel. â€Å"I will always call it the catcher in the rye of the new generation. †(Jessica sharzer)

Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal The WritePass Journal

Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal   1. Introduction Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal   1. Introduction  2. Benefits of team work to people  3. Benefits of teamwork to performanceReference:Related   1. Introduction Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal. Working in teams can help speed up the project at hand and can also help the individuals working on the project develop their skills. Creating the team can be a great task also, due to the diversity of backgrounds but making it work can also be greater as team members need to learn to work together to reach the desired target.   2. Benefits of team work to people   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a. Creativity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b. Build and maintain their self esteem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c.   Effective skills of interaction and high performance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d.   Personal responsibility   3. Benefits of teamwork to performance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a.   Saves time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b.   For example in health care it improves care and uses resources more effectively c.   Reduce cost and blur professional boundaries d.   Example in Louis Vuitton Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal. Working in teams can help speed up the project at hand and can also help the individuals working on the project develop their skills. Creating the team can be a great task also, due to the diversity of backgrounds but making it work can also be greater as team members need to learn to work together to reach the desired target. When creating a team, we do so in the hope that the members and the organisation will benefit from it. Therefore teamwork has its potential benefits to people and to performance such as, saving time, creativity, building self-esteem, personal responsibility and reducing cost and blurring professional boundaries. According to Mary Parker Follett, teamwork is an intermediate institution between the individual and the society, and she believed that it was the group that made people organise co-operative action. Likert also believed teamwork was effective because of the principle of supportive relationships. People value a positive response from others, which helps to build and maintain their self-esteem. Being part of a team also improves the effective skills of interaction and high performance goals of an individual. Different people posses different skills and different ways in which they view every activity, therefore teamwork helps an individual develop his or her creativity as different thoughts and ideas are shared. Teamwork promotes unity, as when people work together they are able to support each other are they have a common goal to accomplish the project. Another benefit of teamwork to an individual is that it can help develop personal responsibility, even though the main focus of the project is the team’s goal but each individual is responsible to do his part in other to accomplish the project. Teamwork can be beneficiary to performance also by saving time, when a team executes a project, it makes it faster as there are many hands on deck and different brains put together to get a quicker solution. In health care there is an increasing interest in teamwork within those delivering care. It is also believed that encouraging various professions to work as a multi-professional team improves care and uses resource effectively. Working as a team can also reduce cost and remove or reduce professional boundaries. The benefits of teamwork on performance can be seen in the case of the French company Louis Vuitton; eleven of the company’s factories are in France. Employees of all Vuitton factories work in teams of between 20 and 30 people. Each Team such as the one in Ducey plant in Normandy works on one product and members are encouraged to suggest improvements in manufacturing. When the Boulogne Multicolour (a new shoulder bad) a new prototype arrived at Ducey, workers who we re asked to make a production run discovered that the decorative metal studs were causing the zipper to bunch up, adding time and effort to assembly. The team informed factory managers, and technicians quickly moved the studs a few millimetres away from the zipper. Which solved the problem. Another example of performance as a result of teamwork is the case of Coats Ltd a textile company when it decided to introduce self-managed work teams into its management operations to improve quality and efficiency. The members of each team would be able to perform a wide variety of tasks, and have more decision-making power and access to more information. After some initial difficulties they are working well and the performance of the team exceeded expectations especially in three important performance measures. The roles of individual also evolved. They are flexible and also willing to act in different team roles and a survey after six months show that 85percent of staff prefers working in teams. Finally, Working in teams can be beneficiary to an individual and performance to an organization Reference: Follet, M.P. (1920), The new state: Group organization, the solution of popular government, Longmans Green: London Likert, R.(1967), The Human Organisation: its management and value,   McGraw-Hill: New York

The Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Lighthouse of Alexandria The famed Lighthouse of Alexandria, called Pharos, was built around 250 B.C.  to help mariners navigate the harbor of Alexandria in Egypt. It was truly a marvel of engineering, standing at least 400 feet tall, making it one of the tallest structures in the ancient world. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was also solidly built, standing tall for over 1,500 years, until it was finally toppled by earthquakes around 1375 A.D.  The Lighthouse of Alexandria was exceptional and considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Purpose The city of Alexandria was founded in 332 B.C.  by Alexander the Great. Located in Egypt, just 20 miles west of the Nile River, Alexandria was perfectly situated to become a major Mediterranean port, helping the city to flourish. Soon, Alexandria became one of the most important cities of the ancient world, known far and wide for its famous library. The only stumbling block was that mariners found it difficult to avoid the rocks and shoals when approaching Alexandria’s harbor. To help with that, as well as to make a very grand statement, Ptolemy Soter (Alexander the Great’s successor) ordered a lighthouse to be built. This was to be the first building ever built solely to be a lighthouse. It was to take approximately 40 years for the Lighthouse at Alexandria to be built, finally being finished around 250 B.C. Architecture There’s a lot we don’t know about the Lighthouse of Alexandria, but we do know what it looked like. Since the Lighthouse was an icon of Alexandria, its image appeared in many places, including on ancient coins. Designed by Sostrates of Knidos, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was a strikingly tall structure. Located on the eastern end of the island of Pharos near the entrance of Alexandria’s harbor, the Lighthouse was soon itself called â€Å"Pharos.† The Lighthouse was at least 450 feet high and made of three sections. The bottommost section was square and held government offices and stables. The middle section was an octagon and held a balcony where tourists could sit, enjoy the view, and be served refreshments. The top section was cylindrical and held the fire that was continually lit to keep mariners safe. At the very top was a large statue of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. Amazingly, inside this giant lighthouse was a spiraling ramp that led up to the top of the bottommost section. This allowed horses and wagons to carry supplies to the top sections. It is unknown what exactly was used to make the fire at the top of the Lighthouse. Wood was unlikely because it was scarce in the region. Whatever was used, the light was effective – mariners could easily see the light from miles away and could thus find their way safely to port. Destruction The Lighthouse of Alexandria stood for 1,500 years - an astounding number considering it was a hollowed out structure the height of a 40-story building. Interestingly, most lighthouses today resemble the shape and structure of the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Ultimately, the Lighthouse outlived the Greek and Roman empires. It was then absorbed into the Arab empire, but its importance waned when Egypt’s capital was moved from Alexandria to Cairo. Having kept mariners safe for centuries, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was finally destroyed by an earthquake sometime around 1375 A.D. Some of its blocks were taken and used to build a castle for the sultan of Egypt; others fell into the ocean. In 1994, French archeologist Jean Yves Empereur, of the French National Research Center,  investigated the harbor of Alexandria and found at least a few of these blocks still in the water. Sources Curlee, Lynn. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Atheneum Books, 2002.Silverberg, Robert. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970.

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different Research Paper

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different markets , however there are some arguments that the gulf a - Research Paper Example Therefore, the overall coursework of the research incorporates a qualitative research approach through analyzing different scholarly based articles, peer-reviewed journals and governmental reports in order to evidently justify the impact of financial crisis in Qatar and other GCC countries. The findings of the research identifies that the financial performance of Qatar and other GCC countries were significantly affected. The real estate and construction industries belonging to most of the GCC countries were highly affected by the US financial recession 2007-2009. However, the conventional investment system along with the lower exposure to sub-prime assets has helped the GCC nations to avert financial risks from the crisis. Table of Contents Abstract 2 2 1. Introduction-Background 4 2. Literature Review 4 3. Research Objectives and Research Questions 7 4. Research Design 9 5. Data Collection and Analysis 10 5.1 Data Collection 10 5.2 Analysis 10 6. Ethical Consideration 11 7. Analysis 12 8. Conclusion 15 References 16 1. Introduction-Background The invasion of the last financial crisis 2007-2009 has been ever considered to impose considerable impact on the economic conditions of global nations. The crisis that took during the period 2007 to 2009 had considerably affected the global economy and made dramatic changes to the financial conditions throughout diverse regions of the globe. The global financial turmoil had radically impacted most numbers of the developed countries across different regions of the world. During the financial turmoil period, the countries associated within Golf Council Corporation (GCC) have also been experienced to get affected in terms of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate along with annual consumer inflation rate (Nanto & et.al, 2008). With reference to the major consequences that experienced by the GCC nations, the research report tends to critically assess the major factors affecting the financial condition and analyze thei r radical implications that devastated the economic position of the GCC countries. The report also tends to conduct literature analysis through highlighting major economic theories, historical influences and assumptions relating to the invasion of the economic crisis during the period 2007 to 2009. 2. Literature Review In relation to determine the severe impact of the last financial crisis 2007-2009, numerous researches and analyses have been made concerning the identification and assessing the consequences of the influencing factors that led towards the last financial crisis 2007-2009. Various literatures depict number of issues that significantly define the root cause of financial crisis along with their potential implications that further led the GCC countries to experience radical changes in their respective economic conditions. Therefore, the literature review section would be incorporated with analyzing various scholarly based articles, reports and internet related sources alo ng with their findings in order to evaluate the major impact of financial crisis on the GCC regions. According to the observation of Cozzi (2009), the aspects including low household saving rates along

Marketing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing Strategy - Assignment Example The paper also have a critical evaluation of the Apple’s competitive edge and demonstrate how effectiveness using its competitive performance evaluation. Lastly, the paper set a marketing objective for the organization to maximize the brand awareness, growth in sales profitability/volume and increase market share. Apple Inc is a global company that gets based in America and its headquarters, Apple California, gets located in California, United States. Apple got established in 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs and got incorporated in January 1977. Apple designs and sells customers electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The Macintosh personal computer range, iPhone, iPod, and the iPad are some of the best-known products of Apple (Steven, 2002). Some of the software products that get sold by Apple comprise Final Cut Studio that is a video and music production suite, Aperture that is Professional photography software. In addition, Mac Os X operating system, iTunes media browser and Logic Studio that is a music production suite. By May 2012, the company indicated that it has over 300 stores that are located in over ten countries adding the online store. Banton (2011) describes the company as been one of the largest technological firms globally as far as world/s traded companies by market capitalization gets concerned. According to Banton (2011) some of the analysts have even proposed that the Apple Inc. Company has more cash compared to the United States government. Apple (2012) stated that it had over 60, 000 employees that get employed on a permanent basis along with 2800 temporally employees in the world. Regardless of the company success, it has received great critics in the way it treats its contractors and the impacts of the operations of the company in the environment. Among the heavy critics that Apple has received recently is that of Apple supplying workers in China leaving in unhealthy

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Nursing - Essay Example It is necessary that every member of an organization must be involved in dealing with the problem of absenteeism. Nyathi and , Jooste ( 2008) point out that, if absenteeism among nursing staff occurs, this puts a greater workload on the staff who do turn up, and so this leads to a downward spiral of stress on staff, and eventually even more absenteeism. The authors mention factors such as† work attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work/job involvement) and retention factors,† but admit that in many cases reasons behind absenteeism are poorly understood. Managers, especially those who see staff every day such as ward managers, should know their staff so well that they are aware when any members of staff feel themselves to be under stress at work, as this which is identified as being a major factor in absenteeism. . Communication is important. Staff need to hear and understand the organization’s plans, goals, and objectives in order that they can uphold and protect them. The executive team is charged with the mandate of ensuring that when a new employee is hired, they are taken through the organization’s corporate vision. This will ensure that that person understands what the institution is like and its ethos. If everyone is told and understands fully what is expected of him or her, it is easier in the course of business to remind them of what is expected of them, whether with regard to being available when required, or with regard to some other matter. Slater and William (1996) describe how letting staff have a greater larger degree of control of rotas led to better communications between management and staff. It was also discovered that many nurses had not realized the impact their negative behavior was having both on the organization and their colleagues. It was also felt that if mention was made of absenteeism staff might feel that they

Study Of Injection Mold Temperature And Cooling Time Engineering Essay

Study Of Injection Mold Temperature And Cooling Time Engineering Essay Majority of complicate plastics products are formed by the injection molding process. Faster production rate and repeatability are the key elements. Although most of the injection molding machines are highly sophisticated in terms of process control yet the control of mold temperature is the most neglected aspect. The mold cooling time contributes a major portion (usually 30 to 60%) of total cycle time. Reduction in mold cooling time is directly associated with profitability. The effect of mold temperature on cooling time and product quality is very important to understand. Here an effort has been made to analyze various aspects of mold cooling. Introduction Injection molding is one of the most favorite processing methods among the polymer processors that has revolutionized the polymer processing. Continuous research work carried out by the injection molding machines manufacturers is the key behind the success of this processing technique. Todays injection molding machines are one of the most sophisticated in terms of process control. Various processing parameters like injection pressure, injection speed, hold on pressure, cavity pressures etc. are very precisely controlled by close loop control. Latest developments in the field of microprocessors/ microcontrollers technology resulted in PLCs, with very short scan time, for quicker response. Many other developments like advancements in plasticizing screw design, mould safety, all electrical actuators, robotic part removal etc. came into existence in early nineties [1]. Although a lot had happened at the technological front, still the control of mould temperature is the most neglected aspect of injection moulding technology. In spite of well known relationship between mould temperature and cooling time, in other words mould temperature has great effect over cycle time (that ultimately leads to profitability), no serious efforts has, however, been made to extend the advancements in process control up to the mould. As on today most of the processing industries involved in injection moulding business, especially in Asian countries are using either a cooling tower or refrigerated chilling plant and seldom a mould temperature controller for engineering/ specialty polymers. In fact moulders usually do not bother about the mould temperature. In most of the cases, setting of cooling time and adjustment of mould temperature is an experience driven exercise that may not always land up at optimum solution [2]. In this paper an effort has been made to take a deeper insight of various aspects of mould temperature and cooling time by modeling and simulation route. An innovative design concept of mould temperature controller is also discussed which is in its early developing stage. Heat Transfer in Injection Mould Heat transfer in injection mould is quite complex in nature. It involves conductive and convective type of heat transfer, although negligible heat loss from mould takes place in form of radiation [3]. The solidification process for molten polymer mass inside mould involves a complex heat transfer mechanism. In order to simplify the problem of heat transfer associated with turbulent fluid flow, here an assumption is made defining a constant temperature between the cavity wall and cooling channels of mould. However in actual practice a temperature gradient will exist depending upon the thermal conductivity of mould steel. The typical heat path in the cooling stage of injection molding is that heat is conducted from hot polymer to the comparatively cold mold, and then conducted through the mold to the cooling line, where it is removed by convection through coolant [7]. In injection molding, in order to reduce the cycle time, the coolant undergoes turbulent flow. Rapidly flowing fluids are fully turbulent when Re >10,000 the transfer of heat is very efficient. Slowly flowing fluids are laminar when Re For turbulent flow, Equation 1 is used to calculate the heat convection coefficient [5], à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1) Where: d; diameter of cooling hole (m), V; coolant velocity (m/s), à Ã‚ ; coolant density (kg/mâ‚ ¬Ã‹â€ ), ÃŽÂ ¼; viscosity, h; convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m.K), k; thermal conductivity (W/m ².K), L; perimeter of the cooling hole (m). For this case, Re is > 10,000, so the flow is fully turbulent. A simulink model was developed to simulate the variation of mold temperature from start up to approximately 1 hour and 23 minutes run with following conditions [6]; Table 1: Conditions for Simulation Initial Melt Temperature 523 deg.K Initial Mold Temperature 298 deg.K Ejection Temperature 364 deg.K Mass of Mold 200 kg Specific Heat of mold (P-20 steel) 461.2 J/kg k Cycle Time 30 sec Injection Time 5 sec Cooling Time 20 sec Material ABS plastic, Grade: Cycolac GPM550 Thermal Conductivity of ABS 0.22 (W/m.deg.K) Specific Heat of ABS 2352.4 (J/kg.degK) It is usual practice among molders to run injection molding machine for few (10 20) cycles without flow of coolant in mold to increase the molds surface temperature up to the required mold temperature [7]. This is usually done to avoid short shots, flow lines and other possible molding defects. A dead zone has been incorporated in simulink model for 450 sec (about 15 molding cycle). This effect can be seen in plot. Initially the rise in temperature is rapid (up to 450 sec) compared to rest of the part of plot. Fig 1: Graphical representation of Model using Simulink Fig 2: Simulation Result for mold temperature for more than 150 cycles from startup. It is clear from the plot shown in fig 2, that under the conditions as defined in table 1, mould will take about 1hour to reach steady state temperature of about 320 deg.K Dependence of Cooling Time over Mould Temperature Cooling time is defined as the time required to reduce the temperature of molten polymer up to ejection temperature. Usually ejection temperature of moulding is few degree (20 30 degC) below the heat deflection temperature (HDT) of material to insure distortion free removal of moulded part. Cooling time starts just after complete filling of cavity up to ejection. A rough estimation can be made for the cooling time, using the correlation given below; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3) s; part thickness (cm), ÃŽÂ ±; thermal diffusivity (cm.sq/ sec), Tm; melt temperature ( °C), Tw; mold temperature ( °C), Te; ejection temperature ( °C), K; thermal conductivity (W/m- °K), à Ã‚ ; density (gm/cc), Cp; Specific heat (KJ/Kg- °K) It is clear from simulated result shown in fig. 2 that mould temperature is not a constant, in fact it is not only a variable from startup temperature to steady state temperature but also it changes during each cycle, fluctuating about cycle average temperature [5]. In order to simulate the cooling time for one injection cycle the instant energy balance equation for cooling of given geometry of part can be written as; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (4) This equation can be solved using finite element method with suitable boundary conditions i.e. constant boundary temperature or constant heat flow rate. For simplification of problem, a square shaped, ABS plastic part has been chosen. The two dimensional drawing and 3-D view of the part under analysis is given below; Fig-3: Two Dimensional orthographic view and three dimensional view of ABS Plastics part under analysis. ABS plastic material was selected for above geometry of part, the processing conditions and properties of the polymeric material are given below; Table-2: Processing conditions and properties of material Initial Melt Temperature 523 deg.K Initial Mold Temperature 323 deg.K Ejection Temperature 345 deg.K Material ABS plastic, Grade: Cycolac GPM550 Density 1005 (Kg/mâ‚ ¬Ã‹â€ ) Thermal Conductivity 0.22 (W/m.deg.K) Specific Heat 2352.4 (J/kg.degK) In order to simplify the analysis and to reduce the simulation time, the analysis was done in 2 D. Transient thermal analysis was carried out using ANSYS 5.4. For the analysis 4-node thermal solid (PLANE55) element type was selected. Fig-4: Temp distribution at t = 50sec at mold temp = 312 K The 2 D model was suitably meshed and analysis was done with different mold temperatures, given in table 3. Polymer melt temperature and part ejection temperature were kept same. Table 3: Polymer melt temperature vs. simulated cooling time Polymer melt Temperature = 523 deg.K Part ejection temperature = 345 deg.K Mold Temperature (deg.K) Cooling Time (Sec) 312 62.5 323 70 333 92.5 343 130 Cooling time was graphically calculated at a point where the part temperature was below HDT i.e. 345 K, for each of the run. ANSYS Post processor was used to obtain the cooling time vs. temperature data. (A). Mould Temp = 323 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 70 sec (B). Mould Temp = 312 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 62.5 sec (C). Mould Temp = 333 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 92.5 sec (D). Mould Temp = 343 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 130 sec Fig-5: Dependency of cooling Time over Mold Temperature It is clear from the above plots that the temperature gradient (between melt and mould) is a diminishing quantity during every moulding cycle. In other words we can say that rate of heat transfer from melt to coolant is maximum at the start of cooling time and reaches to its minimum value at the end of cooling time. This diminishing rate of heat transfer is responsible for longer cooling time resulting higher cycle time [8]. Mould Cooling At Constant Heat Transfer Rate The cooling time may be defined as the ratio of total heat to be removed (so that ejection temperature is below HDT), to rate of heat removal from the mould via coolants flowing in cooling channels of the mould. As mentioned above that diminishing temperature gradient (due to cooling of polymer melt inside the mould) is responsible for diminishing rate of heat removal during every moulding cycle. In order to have deeper insight, we apply heat balance to mould; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (5) It is clear from Fig. 2 that the temperature of mould increases initially and ultimately reaches to steady state average constant temperature within few hours depending upon the size of mould and moulding. At this stage the rate of heat accumulation in mould will be negligible, therefore at steady state condition of mould; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (6) (i). Rate of Heat Input Rate of heat input to the mould may be considered as impulse input, since the most of the polymer melt (about 90% of shot weight) is injected in very short span of time (), comparatively very less than actual injection and hold time. The heat input rate to the mould; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (7) m = shot weight, Cp = specific heat at nozzle temperature. (ii). Rate of Heat Removal For simplicity we can assume the design of mould to be cylindrical, where four cooling channels are at 100 PCD, concentric with cylindrical shape of cavity as shown in Fig. 6, Fig 6: Top view Cylindrical Mould The rate of heat removal from the mould is function of heat transfer by conduction and convection (we can neglect the heat transfer by radiation). For the cylindrical design of mould and moulding, the conductive and convective heat transfer can be written as [9]; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (8) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (9) Ksteel; Thermal conductivity of mould steel (W/m- °K), Dmold Dpart; Diameter of cylindrical mould and moulding (m), Dchannel; Diameter of cooling channel (m), h; Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m.K), Therefore, the net rate of heat transfer will be; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (10) It is obvious from equation no. (10). that rate of heat removal (q) will continuously reduce because the Tmelt will tend towards the Tejection. The trend of melt temperature curve with time will be as shown in fig 5. There may be two different methods to keep the rate of heat removal (q) constant i.e. reduction in coolant temperature (Tcoolant), parallel with (Tmelt) so that temperature gradient is constant during entire cooling cycle. This method has some practical difficulties like limitation of very fast changing temperature of coolant, thermal shock to the mould and lots of energy drain from coolant to atmosphere. In the next approach to maintain constant heat removal rate, the flow rate of coolant can be increased with time to increase the value of film transfer coefficient (h). Booth of these problems were modeled using Matlab and simulated results are discussed. The following boundary conditions and data was used for simulation; Table 4: Boundary Conditions and data Parameters Value Dmold 100 mm Dpart 15 mm Ksteel 36.6 W/m degK Dchannel 10 mm L 1.5 meters Tmelt 523 degK Tejecion 364 degK Cp 2352.4 (J/kg degK ) for ABS Cycolac GPM 5500 Grade Shot Weight (m) 100 gms Tcoolant 283 degK Result and Discussion Simulation result for constant heat removal rate achieved via transient coolant temperature, are shown in fig. 8 and fig. 9. The heat removal at diminishing rate curve is of the same pattern as obtained by using Ansys FEA package, shown in fig. 5. Fig 7: Heat removal from mould at constant and diminishing rate. Fig 8: Melt temperature, Coolant temperature vs. Cooling Time. The cooling time is approximately 120 sec in this case whereas for constant rate heat removal cooling time is about 60 sec. That much saving in cooling time is at cost of having arrangement for mould cooling that can vary from 323 degK to 175 degK within 1 minute. Reducing the mould temperature up to 175 degK has many engineering problems; mould sweating will be tremendously high at that temperature. In next step, flow rate of coolant was varied keeping the coolant temperature constant at 283 degK. Fig 9: Melt temperature, Heat removal rate and Film Heat transfer Coefficient vs. Cooling Time Fig 10: Reynolds No. and Coolant Flow Rate vs. Cooling Time The cooling time in this case found to be approximately 80 sec. and the coolant flow rate was initially 400 lpm that was ramped up to 1600 lpm within 80sec of cooling time. The shape of melt temperature curve with time is not a straight line which is identification of constant rate heat removal, but still there is a lot of saving in cooling time. To achieve that much saving in cooling time extremely high turbulent coolant flow rate (Re is approximately 3500000 at the end of cooling time) was used. Conclusion The mould temperature and coolant flow rate have great effect over the heat transfer mechanism from mould. Proper adjustment of coolant temperature and flow rate can be useful in reducing the cooling time. Transient coolant flow rate may be used to reduce the cooling time and such mold temperature controllers can be made for achieving reduction in cooling time and ultimately reducing cycle time.