Marketing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing Strategy - Assignment Example The paper also have a critical evaluation of the Apple’s competitive edge and demonstrate how effectiveness using its competitive performance evaluation. Lastly, the paper set a marketing objective for the organization to maximize the brand awareness, growth in sales profitability/volume and increase market share. Apple Inc is a global company that gets based in America and its headquarters, Apple California, gets located in California, United States. Apple got established in 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs and got incorporated in January 1977. Apple designs and sells customers electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The Macintosh personal computer range, iPhone, iPod, and the iPad are some of the best-known products of Apple (Steven, 2002). Some of the software products that get sold by Apple comprise Final Cut Studio that is a video and music production suite, Aperture that is Professional photography software. In addition, Mac Os X operating system, iTunes media browser and Logic Studio that is a music production suite. By May 2012, the company indicated that it has over 300 stores that are located in over ten countries adding the online store. Banton (2011) describes the company as been one of the largest technological firms globally as far as world/s traded companies by market capitalization gets concerned. According to Banton (2011) some of the analysts have even proposed that the Apple Inc. Company has more cash compared to the United States government. Apple (2012) stated that it had over 60, 000 employees that get employed on a permanent basis along with 2800 temporally employees in the world. Regardless of the company success, it has received great critics in the way it treats its contractors and the impacts of the operations of the company in the environment. Among the heavy critics that Apple has received recently is that of Apple supplying workers in China leaving in unhealthy

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Nursing - Essay Example It is necessary that every member of an organization must be involved in dealing with the problem of absenteeism. Nyathi and , Jooste ( 2008) point out that, if absenteeism among nursing staff occurs, this puts a greater workload on the staff who do turn up, and so this leads to a downward spiral of stress on staff, and eventually even more absenteeism. The authors mention factors such as† work attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work/job involvement) and retention factors,† but admit that in many cases reasons behind absenteeism are poorly understood. Managers, especially those who see staff every day such as ward managers, should know their staff so well that they are aware when any members of staff feel themselves to be under stress at work, as this which is identified as being a major factor in absenteeism. . Communication is important. Staff need to hear and understand the organization’s plans, goals, and objectives in order that they can uphold and protect them. The executive team is charged with the mandate of ensuring that when a new employee is hired, they are taken through the organization’s corporate vision. This will ensure that that person understands what the institution is like and its ethos. If everyone is told and understands fully what is expected of him or her, it is easier in the course of business to remind them of what is expected of them, whether with regard to being available when required, or with regard to some other matter. Slater and William (1996) describe how letting staff have a greater larger degree of control of rotas led to better communications between management and staff. It was also discovered that many nurses had not realized the impact their negative behavior was having both on the organization and their colleagues. It was also felt that if mention was made of absenteeism staff might feel that they

Study Of Injection Mold Temperature And Cooling Time Engineering Essay

Study Of Injection Mold Temperature And Cooling Time Engineering Essay Majority of complicate plastics products are formed by the injection molding process. Faster production rate and repeatability are the key elements. Although most of the injection molding machines are highly sophisticated in terms of process control yet the control of mold temperature is the most neglected aspect. The mold cooling time contributes a major portion (usually 30 to 60%) of total cycle time. Reduction in mold cooling time is directly associated with profitability. The effect of mold temperature on cooling time and product quality is very important to understand. Here an effort has been made to analyze various aspects of mold cooling. Introduction Injection molding is one of the most favorite processing methods among the polymer processors that has revolutionized the polymer processing. Continuous research work carried out by the injection molding machines manufacturers is the key behind the success of this processing technique. Todays injection molding machines are one of the most sophisticated in terms of process control. Various processing parameters like injection pressure, injection speed, hold on pressure, cavity pressures etc. are very precisely controlled by close loop control. Latest developments in the field of microprocessors/ microcontrollers technology resulted in PLCs, with very short scan time, for quicker response. Many other developments like advancements in plasticizing screw design, mould safety, all electrical actuators, robotic part removal etc. came into existence in early nineties [1]. Although a lot had happened at the technological front, still the control of mould temperature is the most neglected aspect of injection moulding technology. In spite of well known relationship between mould temperature and cooling time, in other words mould temperature has great effect over cycle time (that ultimately leads to profitability), no serious efforts has, however, been made to extend the advancements in process control up to the mould. As on today most of the processing industries involved in injection moulding business, especially in Asian countries are using either a cooling tower or refrigerated chilling plant and seldom a mould temperature controller for engineering/ specialty polymers. In fact moulders usually do not bother about the mould temperature. In most of the cases, setting of cooling time and adjustment of mould temperature is an experience driven exercise that may not always land up at optimum solution [2]. In this paper an effort has been made to take a deeper insight of various aspects of mould temperature and cooling time by modeling and simulation route. An innovative design concept of mould temperature controller is also discussed which is in its early developing stage. Heat Transfer in Injection Mould Heat transfer in injection mould is quite complex in nature. It involves conductive and convective type of heat transfer, although negligible heat loss from mould takes place in form of radiation [3]. The solidification process for molten polymer mass inside mould involves a complex heat transfer mechanism. In order to simplify the problem of heat transfer associated with turbulent fluid flow, here an assumption is made defining a constant temperature between the cavity wall and cooling channels of mould. However in actual practice a temperature gradient will exist depending upon the thermal conductivity of mould steel. The typical heat path in the cooling stage of injection molding is that heat is conducted from hot polymer to the comparatively cold mold, and then conducted through the mold to the cooling line, where it is removed by convection through coolant [7]. In injection molding, in order to reduce the cycle time, the coolant undergoes turbulent flow. Rapidly flowing fluids are fully turbulent when Re >10,000 the transfer of heat is very efficient. Slowly flowing fluids are laminar when Re For turbulent flow, Equation 1 is used to calculate the heat convection coefficient [5], à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1) Where: d; diameter of cooling hole (m), V; coolant velocity (m/s), à Ã‚ ; coolant density (kg/mâ‚ ¬Ã‹â€ ), ÃŽÂ ¼; viscosity, h; convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m.K), k; thermal conductivity (W/m ².K), L; perimeter of the cooling hole (m). For this case, Re is > 10,000, so the flow is fully turbulent. A simulink model was developed to simulate the variation of mold temperature from start up to approximately 1 hour and 23 minutes run with following conditions [6]; Table 1: Conditions for Simulation Initial Melt Temperature 523 deg.K Initial Mold Temperature 298 deg.K Ejection Temperature 364 deg.K Mass of Mold 200 kg Specific Heat of mold (P-20 steel) 461.2 J/kg k Cycle Time 30 sec Injection Time 5 sec Cooling Time 20 sec Material ABS plastic, Grade: Cycolac GPM550 Thermal Conductivity of ABS 0.22 (W/m.deg.K) Specific Heat of ABS 2352.4 (J/kg.degK) It is usual practice among molders to run injection molding machine for few (10 20) cycles without flow of coolant in mold to increase the molds surface temperature up to the required mold temperature [7]. This is usually done to avoid short shots, flow lines and other possible molding defects. A dead zone has been incorporated in simulink model for 450 sec (about 15 molding cycle). This effect can be seen in plot. Initially the rise in temperature is rapid (up to 450 sec) compared to rest of the part of plot. Fig 1: Graphical representation of Model using Simulink Fig 2: Simulation Result for mold temperature for more than 150 cycles from startup. It is clear from the plot shown in fig 2, that under the conditions as defined in table 1, mould will take about 1hour to reach steady state temperature of about 320 deg.K Dependence of Cooling Time over Mould Temperature Cooling time is defined as the time required to reduce the temperature of molten polymer up to ejection temperature. Usually ejection temperature of moulding is few degree (20 30 degC) below the heat deflection temperature (HDT) of material to insure distortion free removal of moulded part. Cooling time starts just after complete filling of cavity up to ejection. A rough estimation can be made for the cooling time, using the correlation given below; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3) s; part thickness (cm), ÃŽÂ ±; thermal diffusivity (cm.sq/ sec), Tm; melt temperature ( °C), Tw; mold temperature ( °C), Te; ejection temperature ( °C), K; thermal conductivity (W/m- °K), à Ã‚ ; density (gm/cc), Cp; Specific heat (KJ/Kg- °K) It is clear from simulated result shown in fig. 2 that mould temperature is not a constant, in fact it is not only a variable from startup temperature to steady state temperature but also it changes during each cycle, fluctuating about cycle average temperature [5]. In order to simulate the cooling time for one injection cycle the instant energy balance equation for cooling of given geometry of part can be written as; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (4) This equation can be solved using finite element method with suitable boundary conditions i.e. constant boundary temperature or constant heat flow rate. For simplification of problem, a square shaped, ABS plastic part has been chosen. The two dimensional drawing and 3-D view of the part under analysis is given below; Fig-3: Two Dimensional orthographic view and three dimensional view of ABS Plastics part under analysis. ABS plastic material was selected for above geometry of part, the processing conditions and properties of the polymeric material are given below; Table-2: Processing conditions and properties of material Initial Melt Temperature 523 deg.K Initial Mold Temperature 323 deg.K Ejection Temperature 345 deg.K Material ABS plastic, Grade: Cycolac GPM550 Density 1005 (Kg/mâ‚ ¬Ã‹â€ ) Thermal Conductivity 0.22 (W/m.deg.K) Specific Heat 2352.4 (J/kg.degK) In order to simplify the analysis and to reduce the simulation time, the analysis was done in 2 D. Transient thermal analysis was carried out using ANSYS 5.4. For the analysis 4-node thermal solid (PLANE55) element type was selected. Fig-4: Temp distribution at t = 50sec at mold temp = 312 K The 2 D model was suitably meshed and analysis was done with different mold temperatures, given in table 3. Polymer melt temperature and part ejection temperature were kept same. Table 3: Polymer melt temperature vs. simulated cooling time Polymer melt Temperature = 523 deg.K Part ejection temperature = 345 deg.K Mold Temperature (deg.K) Cooling Time (Sec) 312 62.5 323 70 333 92.5 343 130 Cooling time was graphically calculated at a point where the part temperature was below HDT i.e. 345 K, for each of the run. ANSYS Post processor was used to obtain the cooling time vs. temperature data. (A). Mould Temp = 323 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 70 sec (B). Mould Temp = 312 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 62.5 sec (C). Mould Temp = 333 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 92.5 sec (D). Mould Temp = 343 K, Ejection Temp = 345 K and Cooling Time = 130 sec Fig-5: Dependency of cooling Time over Mold Temperature It is clear from the above plots that the temperature gradient (between melt and mould) is a diminishing quantity during every moulding cycle. In other words we can say that rate of heat transfer from melt to coolant is maximum at the start of cooling time and reaches to its minimum value at the end of cooling time. This diminishing rate of heat transfer is responsible for longer cooling time resulting higher cycle time [8]. Mould Cooling At Constant Heat Transfer Rate The cooling time may be defined as the ratio of total heat to be removed (so that ejection temperature is below HDT), to rate of heat removal from the mould via coolants flowing in cooling channels of the mould. As mentioned above that diminishing temperature gradient (due to cooling of polymer melt inside the mould) is responsible for diminishing rate of heat removal during every moulding cycle. In order to have deeper insight, we apply heat balance to mould; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (5) It is clear from Fig. 2 that the temperature of mould increases initially and ultimately reaches to steady state average constant temperature within few hours depending upon the size of mould and moulding. At this stage the rate of heat accumulation in mould will be negligible, therefore at steady state condition of mould; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (6) (i). Rate of Heat Input Rate of heat input to the mould may be considered as impulse input, since the most of the polymer melt (about 90% of shot weight) is injected in very short span of time (), comparatively very less than actual injection and hold time. The heat input rate to the mould; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (7) m = shot weight, Cp = specific heat at nozzle temperature. (ii). Rate of Heat Removal For simplicity we can assume the design of mould to be cylindrical, where four cooling channels are at 100 PCD, concentric with cylindrical shape of cavity as shown in Fig. 6, Fig 6: Top view Cylindrical Mould The rate of heat removal from the mould is function of heat transfer by conduction and convection (we can neglect the heat transfer by radiation). For the cylindrical design of mould and moulding, the conductive and convective heat transfer can be written as [9]; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (8) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (9) Ksteel; Thermal conductivity of mould steel (W/m- °K), Dmold Dpart; Diameter of cylindrical mould and moulding (m), Dchannel; Diameter of cooling channel (m), h; Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m.K), Therefore, the net rate of heat transfer will be; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (10) It is obvious from equation no. (10). that rate of heat removal (q) will continuously reduce because the Tmelt will tend towards the Tejection. The trend of melt temperature curve with time will be as shown in fig 5. There may be two different methods to keep the rate of heat removal (q) constant i.e. reduction in coolant temperature (Tcoolant), parallel with (Tmelt) so that temperature gradient is constant during entire cooling cycle. This method has some practical difficulties like limitation of very fast changing temperature of coolant, thermal shock to the mould and lots of energy drain from coolant to atmosphere. In the next approach to maintain constant heat removal rate, the flow rate of coolant can be increased with time to increase the value of film transfer coefficient (h). Booth of these problems were modeled using Matlab and simulated results are discussed. The following boundary conditions and data was used for simulation; Table 4: Boundary Conditions and data Parameters Value Dmold 100 mm Dpart 15 mm Ksteel 36.6 W/m degK Dchannel 10 mm L 1.5 meters Tmelt 523 degK Tejecion 364 degK Cp 2352.4 (J/kg degK ) for ABS Cycolac GPM 5500 Grade Shot Weight (m) 100 gms Tcoolant 283 degK Result and Discussion Simulation result for constant heat removal rate achieved via transient coolant temperature, are shown in fig. 8 and fig. 9. The heat removal at diminishing rate curve is of the same pattern as obtained by using Ansys FEA package, shown in fig. 5. Fig 7: Heat removal from mould at constant and diminishing rate. Fig 8: Melt temperature, Coolant temperature vs. Cooling Time. The cooling time is approximately 120 sec in this case whereas for constant rate heat removal cooling time is about 60 sec. That much saving in cooling time is at cost of having arrangement for mould cooling that can vary from 323 degK to 175 degK within 1 minute. Reducing the mould temperature up to 175 degK has many engineering problems; mould sweating will be tremendously high at that temperature. In next step, flow rate of coolant was varied keeping the coolant temperature constant at 283 degK. Fig 9: Melt temperature, Heat removal rate and Film Heat transfer Coefficient vs. Cooling Time Fig 10: Reynolds No. and Coolant Flow Rate vs. Cooling Time The cooling time in this case found to be approximately 80 sec. and the coolant flow rate was initially 400 lpm that was ramped up to 1600 lpm within 80sec of cooling time. The shape of melt temperature curve with time is not a straight line which is identification of constant rate heat removal, but still there is a lot of saving in cooling time. To achieve that much saving in cooling time extremely high turbulent coolant flow rate (Re is approximately 3500000 at the end of cooling time) was used. Conclusion The mould temperature and coolant flow rate have great effect over the heat transfer mechanism from mould. Proper adjustment of coolant temperature and flow rate can be useful in reducing the cooling time. Transient coolant flow rate may be used to reduce the cooling time and such mold temperature controllers can be made for achieving reduction in cooling time and ultimately reducing cycle time.

Ways To Lead Healthy Lifestyle :: Health, Exercise

One way to lead a healthy lifestyle is by doing exercise regularly. When do an exercise, our body will be fresh. The example of exercise that we can do is by jogging. To get a healthy lifestyle, we need to jog at lease thirty to sixty minutes every three times a week (Miksak, 2008). Jogging can increase our metabolism and burns some calories, so that loss weight can be attainable. Beside that, by trying to jog each day, speed walking the next, or hitting up at the local gym and see what fun classes are offered, perhaps a comforting yoga class or an intense cycle class can also increase our metabolism and burns some calories (Miksak, 2008). Other than that, by leading a good stamina it can develop our capability to work throughout the day and the same can help to lead an eneretic life. Besides jogging, we can swim at lake, sea, river or pool as the cause of water is the same. Beside that, swimming is suitable for everyone especially who are obese, pregnent, and people with leg or low er back problems. Another ways, we also must taking a good eating habit in our daily life such as taking a balance diet and drinking water at least eight glass per days. By taking a balanced diet, we can decrease some of risk of our health like heart attack and stroke (Miksak, 2008). The example of healthy balanced diet are consisted of food high in lean protein, like fish, chicken, eggs beans and dairy products. Fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and mineral such as calcium, iron, and potassium are also significant to our balanced diet (Miksak, 2008). According to Miksak (2008), Avacados are also good for our skin and hair. Other than that, by eating extra virgin omega 3 fatty can also produce a healthy fats which is can foundd in fish like salmon. Futhermore, by drinking more water, it can reduce toxin and excess bloating (Homan, 2010). Besides that, water will make our body always hydrate to work more effectively (Homan, 2010). By drinking water regularly, nutrients and oxygen can be transfer into cel ls and can regulate our body temperature. The other way to lead us to a healthy lifestyle is by getting enough sleep. According to Miksak (2008), as normal human beings, we must sleep at least eight hours per day. Sleeping is one of the important aspects to lead us to get a healthy lifestyle (Miksak, 2008).

Prominent Philadelphia lawyer Essay

1. Thomas Abraham Clark, the son of a prominent Philadelphia lawyer, was born to extreme wealth. He was educated at home by private tutors, and entered local politics at a very early age. He soon rose to the top of his state in politics. Having traveled extensively in Europe, he is obsessed with the tyranny of European governments. He has corresponded with Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson. He is convinced that a strong government headed by a king is and has been, the curse of mankind throughout history. Under the Articles of Confederation, Thomas’s law practice has prospered, but he is concerned over the inflated value of some colonial currency. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Thomas Abraham Clark is a †¦ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Thomas Abraham Clark is best categorized as an Anti-Federalist. He is fearful of the tyranny of strong, centralized government. Thomas is also established as a political leader at the state level. He has corresponded with, aligned with prominent anti-federalists of his time. He is satisfied with the Articles of Confederation (anti-federalist agreement). His only concern that links him to Federalism is that of inflated value of some colonial currency (i.e., a federally regulated monetary system would address this issue). 2. Josiah Bartlett was born the son of a farmer. He has little formal schooling, but has read extensively. At twelve, Josiah left home to serve an apprenticeship as a cooper. By the age of eighteen, Josiah set out to make his mark in his state. Working as an overseer on small plantations, he soon saved enough money to begin buying land of his own, and by 1775 he owned half the land in his state. Rather than operating large scale and exclusively slave plantations, Josiah invested in smaller farms operated by indentured servants. He ships a great deal of cotton to Europe. His economic interests are threatened not only by unstable currency, but by high tariffs and taxes imposed by neighboring states. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Josiah Bartlett is a †¦ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Josiah Bartlett would be viewed as a Federalist. Although he is a self-made made man from humble beginnings—not the typical profile of the Federalists—he has financial concerns about the unstable and inconsistent economic structure of a loose confederacy that may affect his overseas exporting business. A more stable national economic system, afforded by Federalism, would be in his best interest. 3. Edward Heyward is a member of the landed aristocracy of Georgia, his substantial wealth came from the inheritance of large tracts of land. Heyward, like most of the people in his state, is extremely provincial in his outlook, having had little contact with foreigners outside his state, other than slave traders. His lack of contact with the outside world and his relative wealth have convinced Edward that things have gone splendidly after independence from Britain. His concerns are the Indian tribes of Western Georgia. They are well organized and ably led. Since he has considerable money invested in western land, he would like to see a united effort against the Indians. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Edward Heyward is a †¦ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Edward Heyward may best be classified as undecided. He is satisfied with the governance of the Articles of Confederation. Edward doesn’t deal in interstate or overseas commerce, so the economic/monetary regulations possible through Federalism are not a concern of his. He is concerned about the possibility of an Indian uprising in his home of Georgia and how that might affect him financially. His support for a united stand for control of Indian aggression would be indicative of Federalism, as the U.S. Army would come to be the force used against such aggression. 4. Patrick O’Neil was born in Hanover County, Virginia. He was largely self-educated. From 1751 until 1760 he was an unsuccessful storekeeper and farmer. Notoriously indifferent to his private fortunes and ineffectual in his own business, he has made the public his main concern. He is a great orator and by some is called the â€Å"voice of the common man.† During the Revolution he served in the House of Burgesses and as governor of Virginia. He was a member of the radical faction which opposed the King before the revolution, and on a number of occasions swore he would give up his life before his freedom. †¨He has always thought of himself as a common man. He feels the rights of the people must be protected from all privileged classes, and he has always been a champion of popular rights.†¨ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Patrick O’Neil is an Anti-Federalist. He is a vehement supporter of popular rights and the interests of the common man. O’Neil is not concerned with business in general, nor the practical economic benefits that might be afforded under Federalism. He was vocally opposed to the Monarchy before this was a popular stance, and would logically be against any form of centralized power in government. He has been a prominent leader in Virginia’s government and would be seen as favoring more authority for state governments as provided by the Articles of Confederation. 5. Tom McKaan, like other lads of sixteen, ran away from home in 1776 to serve in the Continental Army. He was with Washington’s troops at Valley Forge. A slight limp–he lost two toes from frost bite–serves to remind him of that long, hard winter. But his time in the hospital changed his life. An officer in the next bed, in more peaceful times a professor of English, taught Tom to read, as a means of whiling away the time. Tom was an apt pupil. His first primer, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, was the only book the professor had with him. Tom continued his own education when he was mustered out of the army. In the last ten years he has traveled and spent time in every state, making his living as a journalist. He is well aware of the problems facing the American colonies. He sees the â€Å"Spanish-Indian Conspiracy† as a great threat to American growth and the revolt of Daniel Shays as the beginning of the end for stable government.†¨ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Tom McKaan would best be termed undecided. He was indoctrinated in Anti-Federalism by the writing of Thomas Paine. He continued his education, became a journalist, traveled the country and broadened his horizons. He became concerned with the â€Å"Spanish-Indian Conspiracy† and Shays rebellion. This indicated that he perceived the need for a national standing army and that he questioned the ability of the present government to deal with foreign and domestic threats and protect the citizenry. He was seemingly beginning to lean toward Federalism. 6. Francis Whipple was born to wealth in the colony of Massachusetts. During the war years his family sent him to England to be educated in the ministry. After his return from his studies abroad, Charles decided that the economic survival of his state depended upon the acquisition of more land, and that political survival depends upon a strong central government to protect Whipple and his class from the increasing restlessness of the masses. Charles is forever preaching that man’s instincts can never be trusted, that only strong government offers security. He feels that property rights must be protected and that the â€Å"masses† must be kept in their place. After seeing the results of Shays Rebellion, he feels the common people should have little or no voice in government.†¨ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Francis Whipple is Federalist. He believes the privileged few should largely control politics and that they need protection from impulsive uprisings of the uneducated masses. He believes a central government should be empowered to purchase and annex territory for the state. Whipple believes a strong federal government should protect the property rights of the landed gentry. These are primary tenets of Federalism. 7. Clymer Fitzsimmons is a frontiersman from the Northwest. He lives in a sparsely populated area. His father and mother were killed by the Indians during Pontiac’s Rebellion. He has little formal education, but he has no equal in the woods. He was wounded at the Battle of Saratoga, and still carries an English â€Å"ball† in his right lung. He was captured later in the war and spent two years as a British prisoner. He is sure that the British government intends to suppress the colonies newly won independence. He believes in a well armed population and a large, well organized militia. Clymer has been little affected by the Articles of Confederation and he is basically satisfied with the present economic situation. He is suspicious of those colonial gentlemen of wealth and English custom. He resents the present state government because he is not allowed to vote, since he owns no property. A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist Undecided Clymer Fittsimmons is best classified as an Anti-Federalist. He is suspicious of the elite aristocracy and doesn’t entrust them to handle the governance of the new country. Clymer believes a citizen militia is the answer for protection from potential enemies of the new nation. The main objection he has with the government is that his state denies him the right to vote because he is not a landowner. This probably intensives his distrust for the elite and promotes the idea that they would gain more power through Federalism.

Notes on Society

Chapter 10 Social Stratification: a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, it is a trait of society, found in all society's, carries over from generation to generation and creates systems and class Social Mobility: a change in position within the social hierarchy Caste System: Closed system based on ascription, or birth, little or no mobility, shapes a persons entire life, occupation and marriage. Found in traditional Agrarian societies. Class System: social stratification based on both birth, ascription and individual achievement, meritocracy.Meritocracy: Social stratification based on personal merit Status Consistency: the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality. Example: A college professor with advanced degrees enjoys high prestige but only earns a modest wage. Structural Social Mobility: a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to in dividual efforts Ideology: cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequalityDavis Moore thesis: A system of unequal rewards is necessary to place talented people in the right jobs and to motivate them to work hard. the functional analysis claiming that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society Blue Collar occupations: lower prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor White Collar occupations: Higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity Socioeconomic Status, SES: a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequalityConspicuous Consumption: Buying and using products because of the â€Å"statement† they make about social position Chapter 11 Income: earnings from work or investments Wealth: The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts Intragenerational Social Mobility: a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime. Intergenerati onal Social Mobility: upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents Feminization of Poverty: the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor Chapter 12Global Stratification: Patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole High Income Country: nations with the highest overall standards of living Middle Income Country: nations with the standard of living that is about the average for the world Low Income Country: nations with low standard of living in which most people are poor Modernization Theory: is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among nations Dependency Theory: explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones